History and Theorists
Culture and Emotion
Evolution
Motivation Overview
Motivation and Behavior
100
The physiological approach to emotions is associated with which one of the following scholars?

a. Charles Darwin
b. Sigmund Freud
c. William James
d. René Descartes
C. William James
100
Emotions that are highly valued in a culture become ___________ in daily life, helping to reinforce the cultural values.

a. focal
b. ignored
c. unrelated
d. disjointed
a. focal
100
The process that selects which genes move forward is known as:

a. selection
b. superabundance
c. variation
d. prosociality
a. selection
100
Which of the following is NOT true of our motives?

a. they vary over time
b. the strongest motive will have the greatest impact on behavior
c. sub-motives can become dominant
d. motives are constant and push us in the direction of only our most dominant goal.
d. motives are constant and push us in the direction of only our most dominant goal
100
A role is defined as:

a. cultural expectations for behavior from person who holds a particular social positions
b. the means by which the self relates to society; the essence of who we are within a cultural context
c. individuals’ mental representations of themselves
d. cognitive generalizations about the self that are domain specific and learned from past experiences
a. cultural expectations for behavior from person who holds a particular social positions
200
The term ______ refers to a state that typically lasts for hours, days, or weeks, sometimes as a low-intensity background.

a. personality trait
b. emotional disorder
c. mood
d. emotional episode
C. Mood
200
Compared to individuals with interdependent self-construals, individuals with independent self-construals

a. experience more intense felt emotions.
b. more often define themselves based on their personal preferences.
c. assume that internal factors (e.g., their disposition) vary across time and context.
d. all of the above are true of individuals with independent self-construals.
b. more often define themselves based on their personal preferences.
200
Which of the following is true about pair-bonding?

a. Pair-bonding is common among all primates.
b. A pair-bonded male and female maintain a lasting sexual interest in each other.
c. Pair-bonding is observed more often in urban as opposed to rural human communities.
d. Pair-bonding is observed between romantic partners and between platonic friends.
b. A pair-bonded male and female maintain a lasting sexual interest in each other.
200
True or false: More motivation is always better.

a. true
b. false
b. false
200
Chandler is trying to describe himself, but he can't really remember who he is. Then he remembers that Joey is always telling him how smart and funny he is. He then decides that that is how he will describe himself. Chandler is using _________ to create his self-concept.

a. self-schemas
b. looking glass self
c. roles
d. selective interaction
b. looking glass self
300
According to William James, the core of an emotion is

a. the pattern of bodily responses associated with an experience.
b. the changes within one’s autonomic nervous system.
c. the changes in how one’s muscles and joints move.
d. all of the above.
D. all of the above
300
Rodrigues-Mosquera and her colleagues have documented that in cultures that prioritize concerns over honor, emotions such as ____________ are more focal.

a. disgust and fear
b. shame and anger
c. power and happiness
d. empathy and sympathy
b. shame and anger
300
Feeling jealous when we find ourselves threatened by an interloper is linked with which of the following motivations?

a. Attachment
b. Affiliation
c. Assertion
d. Non-social goals
a. attachment
300
Which of the following is a feature of motivation?

a. type
b. amount
c. direction
d. a & b
d. a & b
300
When Amy thinks about herself, she thinks of herself as a student, a friend, an athlete, and a entrepreneur. Each of these concepts is a different one of her ___________ and together they make up her __________.

a. self-concepts; self-schema
b. self-schemas; self-concept
c. self-schemas; role
d. looking glass self; self-concept
b. self-schemas; self-concept
400
Which of the following statements is TRUE of Social Constructivist Theory?

a. SCT states the emotional states are cultural/societal constructs
b. SCT states that there are patterns to our emotions.
c. SCT states that emotions are biologically based.
d. SCT states that our emotions are reflexes.
a. SCT states the emotional states are cultural/societal constructs
400
Cultural display rules can lead people to

a. entirely camouflage an emotional experience by feigning a neutral facial expression.
b. intensify their emotional expression.
c. express emotions in public that differ from spontaneous emotional expressions made in private.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above
400
Stags lock horns and engage in battles that are at times violent to find who is dominant and who therefore has access to mates. This is an example of

a. dominance.
b. implicit aggression.
c. intrasexual competition.
d. intersexual competition.
c. intrasexual competition
400
Two fundamental questions drive the study of motivation. They are:

a. What causes behavior & why does behavior vary in intensity
b. What causes behavior & how do we predict behavior
c. Why does behavior vary in intensity& how do we increase motivation
d. What causes behavior & why are there different types of motivation
a. What causes behavior & why does behavior vary
400
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that our possible selves lead us towards goal completion?

a. enhancing effort
b. increasing persistence
c. increasing strategic planning
d. increasing self confidence
d. increasing self confidence
500
Charles Darwin asked two broad questions that still guide emotion researchers today. These questions included:

a. How are emotions expressed in humans and other animals?
b. What would happen if we did not have emotions?
c. How can we cultivate emotions in our relationships, and through the life course?
d. How are emotions different in different cultures?
a. How are emotions expressed in humans and other animals?
500
The cultural epistemologies associated with interdependent cultures is conceptualized as being ____________ and capable of coping well with ___________________.

a. dialectical; with no context
b. dialectical; emotional complexity
c. optimizing; emotional complexity
d. optimizing; with no context
b. dialectical; emotional complexity
500
Working from the assumption that genes need the body of a plant or animal to contain them and enable them to reproduce, emotions play what role in animals?

a. Emotions help to ensure that genes will be protected and reproduced.
b. Emotions make us selfish and discourage altruistic actions that could compromise our genes.
c. Genes program our emotions so that all our actions are reflex-driven and none of our actions derive from attractions and urges that our culture can modify.
d. all of the above
a. Emotions help to ensure that genes will be protected and reproduced.
500
Which of the following is not a unifying theme of motivation and emotion?

a. Motivation and emotion benefit adaptation and functioning
b. Motivation and emotion direct action
c. Emotion is a direct result of our potential emotions
d. We are not always consciously aware of the motivational basis of our behavior
c. Emotion is a direct result of our potential emotions
500
Tommy has always considered himself to be very brave and courageous. One day, Angelica tells him that he isn't as brave as he thinks he is. After that, Tommy decides to spend all his time with Chuckie, Phil, and Lil, who all think that he is really brave. Tommy is demonstrating what concept?

a. Selective interaction
b. Looking glass self
c. Roles
d. Selective relevance
a. Selective interaction
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