Taylor
Taylor claimed workers are primarily motivated by this single factor.
What are higher wages (money)?
Maslow grouped physiological, safety, and social needs into this category, which must be met to prevent employee dissatisfaction.
What are lower order needs (or deficiency needs)?
Herzberg grouped factors like wages, job security, and working environment under this term because improving them prevents dissatisfaction but does not create active motivation.
What are hygiene factors (or maintenance factors / job dissatisfiers)?
According to McClelland, these three types of extrinsically learned needs must be satisfied to boost individual employee morale.
What are the need for achievement, need for power, and need for affiliation?
Unlike controlled motivation driven by external rewards or punishment, Self-Determination Theory emphasizes this form of motivation driven by internal goals.
What is intrinsic (or autonomous) motivation?
Equity theory belongs to this category of motivation theory that examines how motivation occurs rather than what motivates people.
What are process theories of motivation?
Expectancy refers to how strongly an employee believes that their effort will lead to this outcome.
What is successful performance?
The financial payment scheme advocated by Taylor that increases the rate paid per unit once output targets are met or exceeded.
What is differentiated piece rate (or differentiated compensation)?
In a business context, offering employment contracts helps firms directly address this specific level of need.
What are safety (or security) needs?
Herzberg defined motivation as "the will to work" driven primarily by this.
What is enjoyment of the work itself?
People motivated by achievement prefer this level of risk, avoiding low-risk tasks that lack challenge and high-risk tasks that rely on luck.
What are moderate risks?
The three basic intrinsic psychological needs that drive human behavior according to Deci and Ryan.
What are autonomy, competence, and relatedness?
Adams argued that motivation depends on employees evaluating the social fairness of the ratio between these two elements relative to their peers.
What are inputs (effort) and outputs (rewards)?
This variable in Vroom's theory represents the belief that achieving good performance will actually be recognized and rewarded.
What is Instrumentality?
Taylor’s strict leadership philosophy that demands complete obedience from workers rather than employee initiative.
What is a command and control (authoritarian) approach?
Recognition, promotions, praise, and "employee of the month" schemes satisfy this distinct sub-category of esteem needs.
What are external esteem needs?
Elements such as achievement, personal growth, responsibility, and recognition belong to this category, which satisfies higher-level psychological needs.
What are motivators (or growth factors)?
McClelland argued that individuals driven primarily by this need tend to make poor managers because they focus on group acceptance rather than tasks and strategic decisions.
What is the need for affiliation?
To preserve authentic autonomy, managers are advised to avoid offering these financial incentives (such as bonuses) because they reduce an employee's total control over their work.
What are extrinsic rewards?
Remuneration, fringe payments, status, and recognition are categorized as these in Adams' equity model.
What are outputs (or outcomes)?
The term Vroom used to describe the degree of value an individual places on an expected reward.
What is Valence?