Motivation
Processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior - Willingness of action.
Example: Kobe found it hard to go to school because she didn't seem to want to do schoolwork anymore. Tracy is lacking this . . .
Motivation
Motivation driven by an external reward or punishment.
What is extrinsic motivation
What is intrinsic motivation
Motivation driven by internal factors such as enjoyment and satisfaction.
Example: Bill is very competitive and loves the feeling of winning. Bill always works hard to win any games he plays.
Conflicts in which you must decide between options with both desirable and undesirable features
Association: Pros and cons list
Cognitive Appraisal
A psychological and physiological response characterized by pleasure, pain, and/ or other feelings.
Emotion
A state of unrest or irritation that energizes particular behaviors to alleviate it.
Example: Jacy feels like she is starving and races home to eat dinner.
Drive
Innate needs that are found in all humans and animals and are vital to survival, such as the need for food, water, and warmth.
A. Primary Drives
B. Secondary Drives
C. Tertiary Drives
A. Primary Drives
Needs, such as money and social approval, that are learned through experience.
Example: When Ella went to college in a wealthier town she noticed higher standards. This motivated her to fit in to the new atmosphere.
Secondary-drives
James-Lange theory
A theory stating that emotional responses occur as a result of physiological arousal.
Example: Bob saw the snake on the ground and froze. Bill knew he was scared.
Two-factor theory, also known as the Schachter–Singer theory states that both ______________ and ___________ labeling of that arousal are necessary for an individual to experience emotions.
Physiological arousal and cognitive (labeling)
Certain behaviors developed through evolution.
Example: Yasmeen somehow knew how to feed her baby despite never having been told.
Instinct theory
A theory stating that imbalances to your body’s internal environment generate drives that cause you to act in ways that restore homeostasis.
Example: Daniel kept drinking so his body caused him to vomit it to reach its normal blood alcohol content.
Drive-reduction theory
What theory says people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of excitement or stressed - not too bored and not too stressed/excited.
Arousal theory
Cannon-Bard theory
A theory stating that physiological arousal and an emotional experience in response to a stimulus occur simultaneously.
Example: When Ron saw the snake he not only froze but he also felt scared at the exact same time.
Objects or circumstances that cause individuals to experience stress.
Stressors
If you have five favorite flavors of ice cream but can only choose one, you are experiencing this.
Approach-approach conflict
There are two things I need to do, but I don't want to do either. Do I want to go to the DMV or to the dentist with my day off?
Avoidance-avoidance conflicts
Conflicts in which you must decide between options with both desirable and undesirable features
Example: Pros and cons list
Approach-Avoidance conflict
Appraisal theory of emotion
A theory stating that cognition precedes both physiological arousal and emotional experience. Primary appraisal is the determination of the meaning of the stimulus and secondary appraisal is the determination of the ability to cope with the stimulus.
Example: First Alli realized she was single and then she decided to move on.
***Stress caused by a negative stressor that can have adverse effects, such as making you sick or keeping you from reaching a goal.
Distress
A dynamic state of equilibrium maintained by fulfilling drives and regulating internal conditions such as body temperature and blood pressure.
Hyun wasn't feeling well due to his lack of sleep, poor diet, and low water intake. Once made healthy changes his body felt good
Homeostasis
The guy who cut is hand off to survive had to go through this from top to bottom in order to get to that point.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
This law says that a moderate level of arousal allows for optimal performance, though this optimal level can vary based on the individual and the nature of the task.
Yerkes-Dodson law
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Developed by Selye to explain the body’s response to stress, it consists of three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
Example: Debra was first in a panic when she saw her unit test, then she tried to fight it but she got overwhelmed and gave up.
Eustress
Stress caused by a positive stressor that can have beneficial effects, such as energizing you or helping you reach a goal.
Example: Alden started to get overwhelmed so he used it as motivation to get his work done.