4.7a Motivation: Motivational Concepts
This term describes a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Motivation
This term refers to deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
Ostracism
This form of sugar circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When it is low, we feel hunger.
Glucose
After getting in a fight with your girlfriend, you find yourself getting impatient with your coworkers. This is an example of the ________ effect
spillover
These are nonverbal cues that differ in meaning culture-to-culture.
Gestures or hand gestures
This is a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Instinct
This is the human need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group
Affiliation Need
This is the "stable weight" of animals, influenced in part by heredity and environmental factors
Set point
According to this theory of emotion, bodily arousal precedes emotion
James-Lange Theory
Women typically show a greater amount of __________ than men; they more easily understand and share the feelings of another
empathy
We are motivated to prioritize some needs over others according to Maslow's ___________
Hierarchy of Needs
We act according to this kind of motivation when we perform a behavior in order to receive rewards or avoid punishment
Extrinsic motivation
When our weight dips below our set point, you can expect your basal metabolic rate to _____________
decrease/slow down
Emotions are categorized according to two factors: ________ (positive versus negative), and _____________ (high versus low)
valence and arousal
Although women tend to be more expressive than men, this emotion is more closely associated with men.
anger
This motivational theory describes our behavior of putting on an extra layer of clothing to warm up on a cold day
Drive-reduction Theory
Important in achievement motivation, this quality combines passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
Grit
Provide one situational factor that encourages eating more nutritious foods
offering healthy foods first; labeling nutritional values; taxing unhealthy foods
Horatio felt his heart race at the same time he felt romantic interest when he greeted his date. This is in line with which theory of emotion?
Cannon-Bard Theory
This is the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
Behavior Feedback Effect
A law named after these two psychologists maintains that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Yerkes and Dodson (Yerkes-Dodson Law)
According to self-determination theory, humans strive to satisfy three needs. What are they?
competence, autonomy, relatedness
Name a hormone that is related to hunger.
ghrelin; orexin; leptin; PYY
This part of the autonomic nervous system calms your body when stress hormones leave your bloodstream.
Parasympathetic nervous system
In 2009, psychologists Kazuo and Hideko Mori attached rubber bands to the sides of students' faces in order to upturn their lips. How might the students feel after wearing the rubber bands for an extended period of time?
Happy