Chapter 1
This is an umbrella term for motor learning, motor control and motor development.
What is motor behavior?
This control system is used for relatively long-duration, continuous activities that provide the opportunity to make online corrections based on feedback received during the movement
What is "Closed-loop Control"?
Reaction time increases at a constant rate with number of stimulus responses.
What is Hick's Law?
These are the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximal certainty, often with a minimum outlay of time or energy.
What are "skills"?
Fitts and Posner's three learning stages.
What are cognitive, associative and autonomous?
This term is used to describe the underlying mechanism when assessing motor competence.
What is process?
This theory characterizes movement as a self-organizing process in which patterns emerge spontaneously.
What is "Dynamic Systems Theory"?
______________ is the time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of a motor response
What is Reaction Time?
This is a delay that occurs when two stimuli that each require a different response are presented in quick succession.
What is the "Psychological Refractory Period"?
The first of Bernstein's Learning Stages.
What is "Freezing the Limbs"?
A representation of a pattern of movements that is modifiable to produce a movement outcome.
What is a "Generalized Motor Program"?
According to this model, people choose movement patterns based on the interaction of the individual/organism, task, and environment.
What is the "Constraints Model"?
This is a negative emotional state in which feelings of nervousness, worry, and apprehension are associated with activation or arousal of the body
What is Anxiety?
These skills are the foundation for activities that require much more complicated sport-specific motor skills.
What are "Fundamental Motor Skills"?
This term is used to refer to conditions that provide relevant information for the performance of a motor skill.
What are "Regulatory Conditions"?
This term is the number of independent elements that must be constrained to produce coordinated motion.
What are Degrees of Freedom?
This is a preferred state of stability towards which a system spontaneously shifts.
What is an "Attractor State"?
This hypothesis represents the relationship between arousal and performance.
What is the "Inverted-U Hypothesis"?
Notion that every motor skill requires very specific abilities for skillful performance and that each person has many independent abilities
What is "The Specificity Hypothesis?"
Bernstein’s learning model uses the notion of this problem to develop a three-stage model.
What is the "Degrees of Freedom Problem"?
This problem examines the sequencing and timing of movement behaviors.
What is the "Serial Order Problem"?
Constraints that function to hinder or hold back the ability of a system to change
What are "Rate Limiters"?
This provides information about the external environment related to the body.
What is Exteroception?
Uses Perceptual Motor Abilities and Physical Proficiency Abilities to assess individual differences.
What is Fleishman's Taxonomy?
The types of environments that skills are practiced in during the diversification stage.
What are "Unpredictable Environments"?