Definitions
Hallmarks of efficient movement
Variability and adaptability
This theory of motor control does not explain movements that occur without a stimulus or that occur to fast for meaningful feedback
This motor learning theory is based on the systems and ecological motor control theories; coordination bw perception and action is consistent w task and environmental constraints
Ecological theory
This type of learning is reflexive, habitual and automatic. The learner demonstrates their learning
Implicit (non declarative)
What type of practice occurs when teaching rolling supine > prone by first practicing supine > SL
Parts practice
Interaction from which movement emerges
Between individual, task and environment
This theory emphasizes that motor control evolves to meet the demands of the environment; actions require perceptions of environmental factors
Ecological theory
This theory emphasizes controlling degrees of freedom; it defines 3 stages of motor learning (novice, advanced and expert) during which increasing release of degrees of freedom occurs
Bernstein's 3 Stage Approach to Motor Learning
For this method of practice, there is more practice time relative to rest time
Massed practice
In this type of learning the PT must engage these 3 factors: the characteristics of learner, the task (difficulty) and the environment
OPTIMAL
Provides information about the environment and helps regulate movement
Sensory and perception
Hierarchical theory
The principles of this theory include:
- use it or lose it
- use it and improve it
- repetition, intensity & specificity matter
- age and salience matter
neural plasticity
In this type of learning, the learner is able to consciously recall and describe how to complete a task
Explicit (declarative learning)
In this theory of motor control, variability is essential to optimal function. It emphasizes the cooperative work of various systems to achieve movement
systems theory
Most important factor for learning to be successful
Motivation
In the development of postural control secondary to visual input, according to data validated via the Sensory Organizational Test, a child this age begins to demonstrate postural response to a looming visual stimulus
Schmidt's Schema Theory
When rest time exceeds practice time, conserving energy
Distributed practice
This 2-stage theory of motor learning describes moving from crude and inefficient results in the initial stage to consistent and efficient results in the later stage
Gentile stages of learning
These movements have no inherent end point
Continuous
In this theory, the whole body is considered a mechanical system in which motor control develops via the interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic forces
systems theory
In the 3rd autonomous stage of this learning theory, the learner is nearing automaticity, can multitask, and is independent
Fitts & Posner 3-stage model of motor learning
This type of feedback may overwhelm the learner and impair motor learning, especially in the beginning stages of learning
knowledge of performance
A stimulus or CPG (Central Program Generator) activates a motor response and sensory input modulates it. It explains why abnormal movement occurs
motor program theory