Stages of Learning
The stage of learning characterized by the learner primarily focusing on "what to do," experiencing a high number of errors, and requiring significant conscious mental effort (Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous)
The Cognitive Stage
This term describes a skill characterized by a high number of component parts and intense demands on a learner's information-processing capacity
What is a High-Complexity Skill?
This type of transfer occurs when previous experience facilitates the learning of a new skill or the performance of a skill in a new context.
What is Positive Transfer?
According to research, this specific type of information regarding the coordination pattern of a skill is the primary thing a learner perceives during a demonstration. (Variant, In variant, consistent features)
What is Invariant Features?
In the socialization process, these individuals act as reinforcing agents by providing or withholding opportunities for practice, giving technical feedback, and shaping a learner’s self-esteem through their leadership style.
Who are Coaches and Teachers?
During this stage, the individual begins to shift from "understanding the task" to "refining the movement." (Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous)
What is the associative stage
Refers to how interrelated the parts are. If the parts are highly dependent on one another (like a jump shot), the skill is high in this.
What is organization?
This specific phenomenon happens when a person's previous experience interferes with the learning of a new skill, such as a tennis player struggling with the wrist mechanics of badminton
What is Negative Transfer?
Rather than a "one size fits all" approach, the specific information provided during a demonstration must be tailored to these two specific variables. (hint think about the constraint model)
What are Task and Learner Constraints?
For most children, these "significant others" are the most influential socializing agents during early childhood for the initiation of physical activity and sport.
Who are Parents?
During this stage the learner no longer needs to consciously think about the specific mechanics of the movement, allowing them to focus on higher-order tasks like strategy or environmental cues. (Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous)
What is the Autonomous stage
According to Naylor and Briggs, this strategy should be used when a motor skill is low in complexity but high in organization.
What is Whole Practice?
This theory, proposed by Thorndike, suggests that transfer occurs only when the components of two skills or contexts are highly similar.
What is the Identical Elements Theory?
To provide a learner with a necessary "blueprint" of the movement, this is the most effective time to provide a demonstration.
What is before practice begins?
This sociocultural phenomenon occurs when significant others encourage "gender-appropriate" activities, potentially limiting the motor skill repertoire of children
What is Gender Typing?
This principle states that the rate of improvement in a skill is highest during early trials and decreases as the learner becomes more proficient
What is the Power Law of Practice?
According to Naylor and Briggs, this strategy should be used when a motor is high in complexity and low in organization (e.g., a gymnastics floor routine or a complex dance).
What is part practice?
This occurs when practice with one limb improves the performance of the same skill with the opposite, untrained limb.
What is Bilateral Transfer?
According to the guiding principle, as a learner moves from the cognitive to the associative stage, the frequency of demonstrations should change in this specific way to prevent dependency.
What is gradually decreasing? (or fading)
According to the Model of Constraints, sociocultural factors are classified under this specific category of constraints because they are global and non-physical.
What are Environmental Constraints?
As a learner progresses through the stages of learning, this specific type of "focus" shifts from the internal mechanics of the body to the external effects of the movement or the environment.
What is Attentional Focus?
For a continuous skill, this type of practice should be utilized (Whole or part)
What is whole practice?
This specific type of bilateral transfer occurs when practicing a skill with the right hand leads to significant improvement in the left hand, but practicing with the left hand first does not yield the same benefit for the right.
What is Asymmetric Transfer?
These specialized brain cells, which fire both when performing and observing an action, are believed to be the neural basis for observational learning.
What are Mirror Neurons?
While parents often introduce children to sports, these family members often act as the primary "playmates" and serve as influential role models for motor skill imitation and competition.
Who are Siblings?