MSD 1
This pathway consists of axons that course from the primary, premotor, and supplementary motor cortices of the frontal lobes directly down into the brain stem and spinal cord to synapse with lower motor neurons.
What is the direct activation pathway?
The problem with the movement of speech musculature secondary to dysarthria is said to be due to this.
What is the disruption or degeneration of an intact motor (movement) plan?
Acquired apraxia of speech is believed to be the result of damage to this area of the brain.
What is Broca's area, i.e. the inferior posterior portion of the left (or language dominant) hemisphere?
This is used to test a patient's maximum limit of ability and to compare the patient's greatest effort on a speech-like task with a known average performance rate for unimpaired individuals during a motor speech evaluation.
What is a maximum performance task?
These disorders involves problems with the effective manufacture, refinement, transmission, AND execution of motor plans for speech.
What are motor speech disorders?
These synapse with upper motor neurons and exit from the brainstem or spinal cord to innervate the muscles of the body.
What are lower motor neurons (AKA final common pathway)?
This characterizes the articulation errors observed in an individual who only has dysarthria as opposed to apraxia of speech.
What are consistent and predictable articulation errors? (This could also be answered differently, e.g. mostly distortion-type articulation errors.)
The problem with movement of the muscles used for speech secondary to apraxia of speech are characterized as this.
What is the inability to plan the range, force, and/or timing of the movement of speech musculature?
This is a reflex that is normal in infants, but that is suppressed with age and that can possibly reemerge with nervous system damage.
What is a primitive reflex?
This intervention was developed originally to treat aphasia and pairs exaggerated prosody and melodies with the production of phonemes, syllables / monosyllabic words, and phrases.
What is melodic intonation therapy?
This is an irregular, involuntary twitching of a muscle that can be visible just under the skin or mucosa (as in muscles within the mouth).
What is a fasciculation?
This would be used as part of a differential diagnosis between dysarthria and apraxia of speech in order to determine whether impaired muscle strength, tone, and/or range of motion (ROM) is present.
What is an oral motor evaluation?
These types of utterances are often free of errors in individuals with acquired apraxia of speech.
What are automatic (i.e., non-volitional) utterances?
In this motor speech disorder, articulation errors are more frequent on longer / more phonetically complex words.
What is (acquired) apraxia of speech?
This treatment for apraxia of speech provides tactile kinesthetic cues (i.e., clinician places hand on client's face) in addition to visual and auditory cues (production target is shown on card and said aloud by the clinician) to elicit the correct production of target phonemes or words from the client.
What is PROMPT (Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets)?
Spasticity, resistance to passive movement, and primitive reflexes (e.g. Babinski sign) are signs / symptoms of damage to this location(s) within the nervous system.
What are bilateral upper motor neuron lesions?
This type of nervous system damage results in the motor signal not reaching the muscle(s) or the degradation of the signal before reaching the relevant muscle(s), and may also result in muscular atrophy.
What is lower motor neuron damage?
This kind of intervention for acquired apraxia of speech pairs non-speech activities with speech, with the assumption that initiation of one non-speech action primes and increases the likelihood of initiation of a speech action.
What is gestural reorganization?
This type of dysarthria is associated with incoordination of the movement of the articulators due to damage to the cerebellum.
What is ataxic dysarthria?
This motor pathway travels a far more indirect route between the primary motor cortices and the lower motor neurons, with many complicated connections with subcortical structures like the thalamus and basal ganglia before synapsing with lower motor neuron(s).
What is the indirect activation pathway?
Muscular rigidity, tremor, involuntary movement, and / or disturbed postural reflexes are clinical signs of damage to this part of the nervous system.
What is the indirect activation pathway?
This is an example of a maximum performance task commonly used in a motor speech assessment.
What are alternating motion rates (AMRs)? Can also be SMRs (sequential motion rates), DDKs (diadochokinetic rates), counting until fatigued, etc.
This technique uses the clients ability to produce one sound with clinician instructions on altering one or more aspects of the sound (like voicing) to aid the client in correctly producing a different sound.
What is phonetic derivation?
This is type of dysarthria is caused by extra and involuntary movements that interfere with speech production.
What is hyperkinetic dysarthria?
This is type of dysarthria results from the weakness and/or paralysis of the musculature used for speech.
What is flaccid dysarthria?