Social Determinants
This term describes differences in health outcomes between groups that are avoidable and unfair.
What are health disparities/inequities?
On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared this global outbreak a pandemic.
What is COVID-19?
The number of uninsured Americans dropped after this 2010 law.
What is the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?
The total number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a given time.
What is prevalence?
This unethical U.S. study withheld treatment from Black men with syphilis from 1932-1972.
What was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
People living in neighborhoods with fewer grocery stores and more fast food restaurants are in this type of area.
What is a food desert?
This 14th-century pandemic was also known as the Black Death.
What is the bubonic plague?
The U.S. federal agency responsible for ensuring the safety of food and drugs is called this.
What is the FDA (Food and Drug Administration)?
A study that follows participants over time to measure disease development.
What is a cohort study?
Who was John Snow?
Overlapping social identities such as race, gender, and class can combine to influence health outcomes.
What is intersectionality?
This 1918 influenza pandemic killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide.
What is the Spanish Flu?
When a government requires childhood vaccines for school attendance to protect a community.
What is herd immunity?
A sudden increase in cases in a limited area or group.
What is an outbreak?
First implemented in U.S. cities in 1945, this public health measure significantly reduced tooth decay nationwide.
What is water fluoridation?
This discriminatory housing practice in the 20th century reinforced racial segregation and long-term health inequities in U.S. cities.
What is redlining?
This viral disease has an R₀ estimated between 12–18, making it extremely contagious.
What is measles?
The Social Security Amendments of 1965 created these two major U.S. health programs.
What are Medicare and Medicaid?
A study bias where people remember their exposures differently because of their disease.
What is recall bias?
Proven by scientists like Louis Pasteur, this theory established that microorganisms cause disease.
What is germ theory?
Communities with high exposure to pollution, industrial waste, or toxins often experience this type of inequity.
What is environmental injustice?
This viral pandemic in the early 2000s originated in Guangdong province and highlighted the need for the International Health Regulations update in 2005.
What is SARS?
This federal law requires hospitals to provide emergency care regardless of a patient’s ability to pay.
What is EMTALA (Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act)?
This measure tells you how much more likely the exposed group gets the disease compared to the unexposed.
What is relative risk (risk ratio)?
In 1928, this accidental laboratory discovery became the world’s first true antibiotic.
What is penicillin?