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Which TWO European countries were the main rivals for land and empire in North America during the 1700s?
Britain and France.
Who led the Virginia militia sent in 1754 to challenge French forces?
George Washington.
What was the Albany Plan of Union? (brief phrase)
A plan proposed for colonial unity to coordinate defense and other common concerns (Albany Plan of Union).
True or False: The French and Indian War is also known as the Seven Years' War.
True
Short answer (1–2 sentences): Why did many Native American groups prefer to ally with the French?
The French focused on trade (especially furs), formed kinship ties through intermarriage, and generally treated Native groups as partners rather than colonizers seeking large-scale settlement.
Define "militia" as used in colonial America.
A military force made up of ordinary citizens trained to fight in emergencies.
What fort did the French seize in western Pennsylvania that the British had begun building?
Fort Duquesne.
Which powerful Native American confederacy is noted for remaining largely neutral during the early stages?
The Iroquois Confederacy.
True or False: The Iroquois Confederacy agreed to an alliance with the British.
False (they largely remained neutral).
Short answer (1–2 sentences): What was the main goal of William Pitt during the war?
To increase British military support in North America and secure victory over France by sending troops and resources.
What valuable trade good did the French engage in with Native Americans that made alliances important?
Fur (fur trading).
In what year did William Pitt become British prime minister and increase troop support in North America?
1757.
What major battle in 1759 led to the fall of a key French city and turned the war in Britain’s favor?
The Battle on the Plains of Abraham (near Quebec) in 1759
True or False: The Proclamation of 1763 allowed colonists to settle west of the Appalachians freely.
False
Short answer (2–3 sentences): Describe the significance of the Albany Plan of Union.
It was a proposal (led by Franklin at Albany) for a unified colonial government to coordinate defense and relations with Native peoples; colonies rejected it because they feared losing local control, but it showed early interest in colonial unity.
Name the river valley that was a major source of conflict because it was rich in resources and lay beyond the Appalachian Mountains.
The Ohio River Valley.
Describe one reason the French were often able to build stronger relationships with Native Americans than the British.
The French traded widely in furs, intermarried with Native women, and often treated Native peoples as trading partners and allies; they also tried to convert to Catholicism which created closer ties in some regions.
Which treaty ended the war in 1763 and transferred Canada to Britain?
The Treaty of Paris (1763).
True or False: Britain’s war debts led to plans to tax the American colonies.
True
Short answer (2–3 sentences): What was Pontiac’s War, and why did it happen?
Pontiac’s War was a Native American uprising (1763–1766) led by Pontiac to resist British postwar policies and settlement in the Great Lakes region; it happened because Native peoples had lost French support and faced British encroachment and unfair treatment.
Explain why many Native American groups chose to stay neutral or decline a British alliance early in the war.
Many Native groups distrusted British settlers who wanted land; British colonists pressured for settlement and often refused to respect Native land practices, while the French had more trade-based, intermarriage, and missionary relationships.
What promise or claim did William Pitt make to the colonists about war costs, and why did that matter later?
Pitt told colonists Britain would pay for the war, which encouraged support but later Britain’s debts led to increased taxation on the colonies.
Explain how the outcome of the war affected Native Americans’ relationships with European powers.
With France gone from North America, Native Americans lost a major ally and trading partner, leaving them more vulnerable to British policies and settler expansion, increasing conflicts like Pontiac’s War.
True or False: Native American tribes lost French allies and this contributed to uprisings like Pontiac’s War.
True
Short answer (3–4 sentences): How did British policies after the French and Indian War (such as the Proclamation of 1763 and new taxes) change the relationship between the colonies and Britain and help lead toward revolution?
After the war Britain tried to limit westward settlement (Proclamation of 1763) and raise revenue to pay war debts through new taxes and trade restrictions. Colonists resented these limits and taxes, felt their liberties threatened, and this growing distrust and anger helped set the stage for the American Revolution.