Unit 1: Foundations of American Democracy
These two groups were in conflict leading up to the Constitutional Convention over the size and strength of the national government. (2 parts)
Federalists and Anti-Federalists
List (from one to three) the top positions in the hierarchy of the House majority party. (3 parts)
1. Speaker of the House 2. Majority Leader 3. Majority Whip
This 1971 case strengthened the press by limiting prior restraint.
New York Times v. United States
Typically, the most powerful agent of ____________, contributing to the formation of an individual's political ideology, is the ____________. (2 parts)
Political Socialization; Family
These channels allow individuals to communicate their preferences to policy-makers
Linkage Institutions
This amendment applies the Bill of Rights to the states
14th amendment
These committees meet year-round, while these committees are temporary and formed for a specific purpose. (2 parts)
Standing Committees; Select Committees
Through the doctrine of _________ the second amendment was made applicable to the states in this SCOTUS case. (2 parts)
Selective Incorporation; McDonald v. Chicago
Members of this generation tend to be more trusting in government, as a result of the New Deal and World War II. On the other hand, this generation, which came next, grew less trusting of government, as a result of the Vietnam War and Watergate. (2 parts)
Silent; Baby Boomers
Those who voted for Obama in 2008 because they hoped he would bring change engaged in ________ voting, while those who voted for him 2012 because he saved their jobs may have been engaged in ________, while those who voted for him just because he was a Democrat engaged in__________ voting. (3 parts)
Prospective; Retrospective; Party-line
These grants give states broad authority to spend federal money how they choose, while with these grants, the federal funding comes with strings attached. (2 parts)
Block grants; categorical grants
An individual Senator can prolong debate indefinitely with this procedure, unless the Senate reaches _______ with 60 votes. (2 parts)
Filibuster; Cloture
This was ruled unconstitutional in 1972, as it was deemed cruel and unusual in violation of the ________ amendment, due to its unequal application among groups. (2 parts)
The death penalty; Eighth
An accurate poll should be both ____________ and ___________ while being as free from __________ as possible. (3 parts)
Random; Representative; Bias
In Congressional elections, third parties struggle because of ________ districts. They similarly struggle in presidential elections, because like Congressional districts, most states in the electoral college (except Maine and Nebraska) are _____________. The two-party system leads to ____________ political parties, as they encompass a wide range of issues. (3 parts)
Single-Member; Winner-Take-All; Big Tent
While this clause allows the Congress to stretch the bounds of its enumerated powers, this clause of Article I Section VIII provides the Congress with its implied powers, which were upheld by the Supreme Court in ____________. (3 parts)
Commerce Clause; Necessary and Proper (Elastic) Clause; McCulloch v. Maryland
Those following this model of representation would vote with the will of the people, while those following this model would vote with their conscience. Those following this model are a mix of the two. (3 parts)
Delegate; Trustee; Politico
This post-9/11 law allowed the government to collect large scale _________ from third-party phone providers. Many thought this violated the __________ amendment. It was later modified with this new law in 2015 to require a warrant. (4 parts)
USA Patriot Act; Metadata; Fourth; USA FREEDOM Act
Due to distrust in the media, Trump supporters may have ignored media polls, leading the poll results to be skewed by the ___________ bias. Other polls overestimated voter turnout, possibly as a result of __________ bias. (2 parts)
Non-response; Social Desirability
Voting rights have been expanded throughout US History. The franchise was extended to black men in 1870 with the _______ amendment and to women in 1920 with the _______ amendment. In 1913, the ______ amendment allowed people to directly elect Senators. During the Civil Rights Movement, the 24th amendment eliminated the ______. The _____ amendment lowered the voting age to 18 amidst Vietnam protests. (5 parts)
15th; 19th; 17th; Poll Tax; 26th
This foundational document essentially lays out how the US will be a mix of these 3 types of democracy. (4 points)
Federalist 10; Participatory; Pluralist; Elite
This 1962 SCOTUS ruling resulted in the "one person, one vote principle." While this 1995 ruling ruled against all racial gerrymandering, even if it was to help minority groups. (2 parts)
Baker v. Carr; Shaw v. Reno
This 1919 SCOTUS case limited free speech, by establishing the "clear and present danger" test. Free speech was strengthened in a pair of SCOTUS cases in 1969. The ruling in this case upheld the right to symbolic speech, while another replaced the "clear and present danger" test with the ________ test of incitement. (3 parts)
Schenck v. United States; Tinker v. Des Moines; Brandenburg
Members of the ___________ Party tend to hold a __________ ideology, as they place great emphasis on equal protection of marginalized groups, whereas member of the ___________ Party tend to hold a ___________ ideology, as they emphasize traditional social structures and institutions. (4 parts)
Democratic; Liberal; Republican; Conservative.
Because the US is a __________ democracy, people can join these entities in order to make their political participation more effective. Once the aims of these entities alight with the bureaucracy and Congress, they are said to form ___________. (3 parts)
Pluralist; Interest Groups; Iron Triangles
Declaring war is this type of power held by the federal government; policing and education are this type of power held by the state under the 10th amendment; taxation is this type of power held by both. (3 points)
Exclusive; Reserved; Concurrent
The president can use different types of power to carry out an agenda. Both of these types of power can be used when conducting foreign policy. __________ powers are employed as Commander-in-Chief, while __________ are used in executive agreements the president signs with other nations. (2 parts)
Formal; Informal
This 1965 SCOTUS ruling created the right to __________, which is not mentioned in the Constitution. This eventually led to the landmark 1972 ruling in this case, which was seen as a cornerstone of women's rights for 50 years before being reversed in Dobbs v.Jackson. (3 parts)
Griswold v. Connecticut; Privacy; Roe v. Wade
In 2020, when it came to civil rights protests/riots, the _________ Party tended to prioritize _________ over __________, but when it came to Covid, the same party prioritized __________ over _________ (5 parts)
Democratic; liberty; order; order; liberty OR Republican; order; liberty; liberty; order
The cost of a presidential campaign continues to grow, with the largest amount of money going to _________. The ______ lost some of its power to regulate campaign spending in the Buckley v. Valeo (1976) ruling. The federal government then tried to limit soft money in 2002 with the ____________, but most of that effort was also later struck down in _____________ (2010), which led to the creation of _____________ that could spend unlimited soft money. (5 parts)
Advertising; FEC; Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)/McCain-Feingold Act; Citizens United v. FEC; Super PACs
Federal power under the Commerce Clause was expanded in this 1942 SCOTUS ruling that the impact on commerce can be indirect, but was scaled back in 1995 with this ruling. (2 parts)
Wickard v. Filburn; United States v. Lopez
Presidents holding the ________ view of executive power are most similar to SCOTUS justices practicing judicial _________, because both believe in only following what is expressly permitted by the Constitution. Whereas presidents holding the ________ view of executive power are most similar to SCOTUS justices practicing judicial _________, because both believe they can do anything not forbidden by the Constitution. (4 parts)
Limited; Restraint; Expansive; Activism
This landmark SCOTUS ruling in 1954 ended _______ segregation in public schools, as it was found to violate the __________ clause of the ____________ amendment. (4 parts)
Brown v. Board of Education; De Jure; Equal Protection Clause; 14th Amendment
New Deal Democrats relied on ___________ economics, whereas Reagan Republicans preferred ___________ economics, reducing the role of the government in the economy. __________ want even less government involvement than Republicans. Meanwhile, the __________ regulates inflation by setting _________ rates. (5 parts)
Keynesian; Supply-Side; Libertarians; Federal Reserve; Interest
After the revocation of the _____________ in 1987, the media has led to increased political ___________ in the US. First with conservative _______ _______, led by Rush Limbaugh. Then with the rise of 24-hour ________ _________, like Fox News or MSNBC. Then with the rise of ________ ________, where algorithms keep you in an echo chamber. (5 parts).
Fairness Doctrine; Polarization; Talk Radio; Cable News; Social Media