Its Absolute Monarchy!
This Russian ruler sought to modernize Russia, traveled across Europe on the “Grand Embassy,” and worked to build a stronger navy.
Peter the Great
This period in history challenged old beliefs in science, math, and medicine and replaced them with new ideas based on observation and experimentation.
Scientific Revolution
This type of nationalism encourages pride, progress, and unity, leading nations to build, invent, and gain independence.
Good nationalism
This 19th-century conflict was caused by Britain’s illegal opium trade in China and resulted in China’s defeat to a more advanced British navy.
The Opium Wars
This alliance in World War I included Germany and Austria-Hungary, along with other supporting nations.
Central Powers
This day in 1929 marked the collapse of the U.S. stock market, triggering the start of the Great Depression.
Black Tuesday
This Russian ruler, known for his “Rule of Terror,” used secret police against nobles and became infamous for killing his own son in a fit of rage.
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)
This major uprising in France began when peasants, frustrated by high taxes, food shortages, and lack of representation, rebelled against the monarchy.
French Revolution
This idea describes the United States as a diverse society where immigrants from many cultures come together while still sharing national pride.
Melting pot
This Mexican revolutionary leader from the north became famous for his role in the Mexican Revolution.
Pancho Villa
This World War I alliance included Britain, France, and Russia, along with other nations fighting against the Central Powers.
Allied Powers
These three fascist leaders allied together in the years leading up to World War II.
Benito Mussolini (Italy), Adolf Hitler (Germany), and Hirohito (Japan)
This French ruler, known as the “Boy King,” built the Palace of Versailles, expanded French power, and promoted the arts while living a luxurious lifestyle.
Louis XIV
This French military leader crowned himself emperor in 1804, used puppet governments to control Europe, sold Louisiana to the U.S., and expanded French power through war before ultimately overreaching.
Napoleon Bonaparte
This artistic movement emphasized emotion, imagination, heroism, and mystery in literature and poetry.
Romanticism
This 1848 treaty ended the Mexican-American War and resulted in Mexico ceding a large portion of its northern territory to the United States.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
This 1914 assassination triggered a chain reaction of alliances and declarations of war that led to World War I.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
This policy (often held by League of Nation powers), allowed Hitler, Hirohito, and Mussolini to gain vast amounts of territory without a fight.
Appeasement
This Prussian ruler built a powerful army, supported the arts, practiced religious toleration, and helped start the Seven Years’ War.
Frederick the Great
This scientist proposed heliocentrism, the idea that the Sun is at the center of the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Language, history, territory, nationality, religion, and culture are examples of these shared traits that help unify a nation.
Characteristics of a nation
These rights allowed foreigners in China to be tried under their own laws instead of Chinese law in certain ports after the Opium War era.
Extraterritorial rights
This policy involves building up and glorifying a nation’s military strength as a major part of its power and influence.
Militarism
This political ideology is a militant, authoritarian system that emphasizes extreme nationalism and loyalty to a strong leader.
Fascism
This English king angered Parliament by raising taxes without approval, declaring martial law, and abusing his royal power.
Charles I of England
This early steam locomotive, built by George Stephenson, was used on the Liverpool–Manchester Railway and was recognized as the most advanced engine of its time in 1829.
Stephenson's Rocket
These American tales about figures like Johnny Appleseed, John Henry, and Paul Bunyan are examples of traditional cultural stories that express national identity and values.
American folk tales
This period of reform in Japan under Mutsuhito modernized the country and transformed it into a more industrial and powerful nation.
Meiji Era
This region in northern France became a major World War I battleground known for trench warfare and heavy casualties.
Western Front
This U.S. president led the country during the Great Depression and created the New Deal to help restore the economy through government programs and reforms.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
This powerful Austrian ruler from the Habsburg family strengthened her empire, gave more rights to peasants, and was the mother of future French queen Marie Antoinette.
Maria Theresa
This economic system is based on private ownership of businesses and the pursuit of profit.
Capitalism
This era, named for Britain’s long-reigning queen, is known for the expansion of the British Empire to become the largest in the world.
This 1854 agreement opened Japanese ports to American ships and ended Japan’s long period of isolation.
Treaty of Kanagawa
These events helped push the United States to enter World War I against Germany.
The sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Telegram
This American aviator became famous in 1927 for making the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.
Charles Lindbergh
This belief claimed that a monarch’s authority came directly from God and could not be challenged by the people.
Divine Right of Kings
These two thinkers helped develop and promote the scientific method by emphasizing observation, experimentation, and reason.
Sir Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
These types of novels often use mystery, fear, romance, and strong emotion to create suspenseful, dramatic stories.
Gothic novels
This 1904–1905 conflict between Japan and Russia over Manchuria ended with Japan gaining territory after a peace treaty.
The Russo-Japanese War
This German ruler dismissed Bismarck, expanded the navy, and helped shift alliances in Europe that increased tensions before World War I.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
This movement saw hundreds of thousands of African Americans leave the South in the early 20th century to escape discrimination and seek better jobs in northern cities.
The Great Migration
This major European conflict between Catholics and Protestants lasted from 1618–1648 and helped bring an end to the Holy Roman Empire.
Thirty Years' War
This Enlightenment thinker argued that all people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
John Locke
This term describes the rapid takeover of Africa by European nations in the late 1800s due to its weak defenses and valuable natural resources.
The Scramble for Africa
This 1900 uprising in China was led by anti-foreign peasants who attacked Europeans and Chinese Christians in an effort to drive out foreign influence.
The Boxer Rebellion
This country helped shape the Fourteen Points but refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles because it did not want to become involved in future foreign conflicts.
The United States
These 3 art forms were expressions of the uncertain times between WWI and WWII.
Cubism, Surrealism, and Jazz
This global conflict from 1756–1763 began when Prussia attacked Austria and spread to Europe, North America, and India as Britain and France fought over colonies and trade.
Seven Years' War
During the Industrial Revolution, Britain had access to these four factors of production.
Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship
This Chinese dynasty limited foreign trade and contact in order to protect its traditions and resist outside influence.
The Qing Dynasty
This Mexican liberal leader launched La Reforma, aiming to redistribute land and reform education in Mexico.
Benito Juarez
This 1918 proposal outlined goals for lasting world peace, including free trade, self-determination, and an international organization to prevent future wars.
The Fourteen Points
These ideas and philosophies contributed to a feeling of uneasiness and uncertainty in the years between WWI and WWII
The Theory of Relativity, existentialism, and nihilism