Egypt: Change, Conflict, and Foreign Rule
This time of political weakness and division came between the Old and Middle Kingdoms.
What is the first intermediate period (Egypt)?
This early civilization on Crete is known for palaces, trade, and possible links to the legend of the Minotaur.
Who are the Minoans?
These seafaring traders from the eastern Mediterranean spread goods, ideas, and alphabetic writing.
Who are the Phoenicians?
This phrase refers to the northern Israelite groups said to have been dispersed after conquest.
What are The Ten Lost Tribes?
This term refers to the noble elite who dominated early Greek society.
What are the Aristoi (Greek aristocracy)?
This later time of instability included foreign influence and came before the New Kingdom.
What is the second intermediate period (Egypt)?
This mainland Greek civilization is known for warrior culture and ties to later Greek legends.
Who are the Mycenaeans?
This region along the eastern Mediterranean coast was the homeland of the Phoenicians.
What is Canaan?
This period followed the collapse of Mycenaean civilization and saw reduced trade, literacy, and population in Greece.
What are The Greek Dark Ages?
In ancient Greece, this form of rule meant control by a single leader who took power outside normal tradition.
What is Tyranny?
These foreign rulers from western Asia introduced horse-drawn chariots into Egypt.
What is the second intermediate period (Egypt)?
This undeciphered writing system is linked to the Minoans.
What is Linear A?
This people developed a covenant-based religious tradition that became central to later monotheistic faiths.
Who are The Hebrews?
These foundational Greek stories, including the Iliad and the Odyssey, shaped Greek identity.
What are the Homeric Epics?
These changes in Athens reduced debt slavery and opened politics more broadly to citizens.
What are The reforms of Solon?
These foreign rulers from western Asia introduced horse-drawn chariots into Egypt.
Who are the Hyksos?
This writing system used by the Mycenaeans was an early form of Greek.
What is Linear B?
This sacred text contains the foundational laws and teachings of the Hebrews.
What is The Torah?
This term describes the Greek city-state, the basic political unit of ancient Greece.
What is The polis?
This Athenian leader is credited with helping lay the foundations for broader citizen participation in government.
Who is Cleisthenes?
This New Kingdom ruler is remembered for military campaigns and extensive building projects.
Who is Ramses II?
This widespread collapse of eastern Mediterranean societies around 1200–1100 BCE disrupted trade and kingdoms across the region.
What is the Catastrophe of 1200–1100?
This religion, centered on belief in one God, developed from Hebrew traditions.
What is Judaism?
This idea emphasized responsible participation in public life for the good of the community.
What is Civic virtue?
These famous athletic competitions were held in honor of Zeus and became a major Greek cultural tradition.
What are The Olympics?