Twist & Shout! (DNA Structure)
This is the scientific name for DNA.
What is Deoxyribonucleic acid?
Cytosine always pairs with this base.
What is guanine?
This scientist’s X-ray diffraction image helped reveal DNA’s structure.
Who is Rosalind Franklin?
This single-stranded molecule carries instructions from DNA to the ribosome.
What is RNA?
This process occurs in the nucleus and makes mRNA from DNA.
What is transcription?
These three parts make up a nucleotide.
What are a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base?
This is the name for the sugar-phosphate sides of the DNA “ladder.”
What is the sugar-phosphate backbone?
This famous X-ray image showed the double helix shape of DNA.
What is Photograph 51?
In RNA, thymine is replaced by this base.
What is Uracil?
During translation, these molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome.
What is tRNA?
These weak bonds hold nitrogen bases together in the center of the DNA molecule. How many exist between an AT bond vs. GC bond?
What are hydrogen bonds? 2 are between an AT bond and 3 between a GC bond.
If one DNA strand reads ATCG, this is its complementary strand.
What is TAGC?
This technique was used to capture images of DNA’s structure using X-rays.
What is X-ray crystallography?
The three types of RNA are these. What are their roles?
mRNA carries the instructions from DNA to the ribosome, tRNA brings the correct amino acids to build the protein, and rRNA makes up the ribosome where the protein is assembled.
A three-base sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid.
What is a codon?
This rule states that adenine equals thymine and cytosine equals guanine in DNA.
What is Chargaff’s Rule?
These type of bond holds complementary nitrogen bases together in DNA?
What are Hydrogen Bonds?
The controversy surrounding DNA’s discovery involved this issue.
What is that Rosalind Franklin’s work was used without proper credit?
Name three differences between RNA and DNA.
Shape: RNA is single stranded/DNA is double stranded
Sugars: RNA = Ribose, DNA = Deoxyribose
Nitrogenous base pairing:
RNA = A-U/G-C
DNA = A-T/G-C
Transcribe and then translate this strand of DNA to get the amino acid chain:
TAC CGA TTT GGC ATA ACT
Given DNA: TAC CGA TTT GGC ATA ACT
mRNA: AUG GCU AAA CCG UAU UGA
Protein chain: Methionine – Alanine – Lysine – Proline – Tyrosine – Stop
This process occurs in the nucleus when DNA unwinds and each original strand serves as a template to build a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules.
What is DNA replication?
In a DNA molecule, 34% of the bases are adenine. Using Chargaff’s Rule, determine the percentage of cytosine present in this molecule.
If A = 34%, then T = 34%. That totals 68%, leaving 32% for C and G. Since C = G, each must be 16%.
What is 16%?
This is the name of the Nobel category for which Watson and Crick won in 1962 for their contributions on the discovery of the double helix structure.
What is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?
This phrase describes the flow of genetic information: DNA → RNA → Protein.
What is the central dogma?
Go through the complete steps of protein synthesis (including the anti-codons) to figure out the final protein chain for the following DNA strand:
TAC GGA CTT ACC GAA ATT
Given DNA:TAC GGA CTT ACC GAA ATT
Transcribe DNA → mRNA:
AUG CCU GAA UGG CUU UAA
Break into Codons:
AUG | CCU | GAA | UGG | CUU | UAA
tRNA Anticodons:
UAC | GGA | CUU | ACC | GAA | AUU
Amino Acids (Using Codon Chart)
AUG → Methionine (Start)
CCU → Proline
GAA → Glutamic Acid
UGG → Tryptophan
CUU → Leucine
UAA → Stop
Final Protein Chain:
Methionine – Proline – Glutamic Acid – Tryptophan – Leucine – Stop