Pontic Steppes
Mult Sclerosis
Genetics
QTM 490R
Ancient DNA
100
This genetic ancestry is most strongly associated with the current genetic risk for multiple sclerosis
What is Steppe pastoralist?
100
This region of Chromosome 6 is associated with a risk for MS
What is the HLA region?
100
This term describes when there is a non-random association of alleles at different loci; certain combinations of alleles inherited more or less frequently than expected by chance
What is linkage disequilibrium?
100
This mathematical model, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, describes how allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant over generations
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
100
This recently extinct animal's genome was sequenced from a well-preserved specimen found in the permafrost
What is the woolly mammoth?
200
This term refers to a person who herds sheep or cattle, often moving with their animals in search of grazing land
What is a pastoralist?
200
Approximately this many years ago, pastoralists from the Pontic Steppe migrated to Europe
What is 5,000 years?
200
This term describes groups of alleles that are inherited together due to close physical proximity on the same chromosome
What is a haplotype?
200
This population genetics term describes alleles that are the same between two individuals due to transmission from a common ancestor in the past few generations
What is identity by descent?
200
This acronym stands for the genetic material recovered from ancient remains, often used in studies of human ancestors
What is aDNA?
300
This culture, emerging around 5,000 years ago on the Pontic Steppes, is believed to be one of the first groups to practice a fully nomadic, pastoral lifestyle, raising cattle, sheep, and horses
What is the Yamnaya culture?
300
This body system is the most affected by MS
What is the central nervous system?
300
You expect a ____ (high/low) LDA when the haplotype is often broken up.
What is low?
300
This British geneticist established that dominant, advantageous alleles are more likely to fix in a population than recessive alleles
Who is Haldane?
300
This ancient hominin species, discovered in a Siberian cave and closely related to Neanderthals, was first identified through its DNA, not its fossil remains
What is a Denisovan?
400
This body of water borders the Pontic Steppe region, shown on the map in purple
What is the Black Sea?
400
These 3 Northern European countries are associated with high prevalence of MS
What are Iceland, Sweden, and Finland?
400
This term uses a person’s genomic information to estimate the likelihood of developing a particular trait or disease.
What is a polygenic risk score?
400
This non-random mating pattern describes that individuals with more similar phenotypes are more likely to mate
What is assortative mating?
400
This is the approximate age of the oldest DNA recovered from a Neanderthal
What is 400,000 years old?
500
This is the number of square miles that the Pontic Steppe region covers.
What is 579,000 square miles?
500
Genetic factors are expected to explain this percentage of risk for MS
What is 30%?
500
The term describes the evolutionary process where beneficial traits increase in population frequency over time
What is positive selection?
500
This term, often referred to as a “genetic fossil,” describes a gene that has lost its function, perhaps due to an evolved trait that is no longer beneficial
What is a pseudogene?
500
This temperature condition is best for DNA preservation
What is -112° F?