Shoulder and Arm Actions/ROM/Tests
Elevation of the shoulder girdle.
What is Upper Trapezius and Levator Scapula?
A-Flex the elbow, Supinate the forearm, Flex the shoulder. O- Short head-Coracoid process of scapula. Long head-Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula. I- Tuberosity of the radius and aponeurosis of the biceps brachii.
What is the Biceps Brachii?
A- Flex the 2nd-5th fingers, flex the wrist. O- Common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle of humerus, unlar collateral ligament, coronoid process of ulna, interosseous membrane, and proximal shaft of radius. I- Sides of middle phalanges of 2nd-5th fingers.
What is Flexor Digitorum Superficialis?
A- Extend the 2nd-5th fingers and flex same fingers. O- Surfaces of the flexor digitorum profundus tendons. I- Extensor aponeurosis on dorsal surface of phalanges.
What is Lumbricals of the hand?
Flexion of elbow joint. 135 degree ROM
What are Biceps Brachii and Brachialis?
A- Unilaterally- laterally flex the head and neck to same side. Rotate head to opposite side Bilaterally- Flex the neck. O- Sternal head- Top of manubrium. Clavicular head- Medial 1/3rd clavicle. I- Mastoid Process.
What is the Sternocleidomastoid?
A- Unilaterally- Laterally deviate the mandible to the opposite side. Bilaterally- Protract the mandible. O- Infratemporal surface and crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone and lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone. I- Articular disc and capsule of temporomandibular joint, and neck of mandible.
What is the Lateral Pterygoid?
Divides the body into right and left halves.
What is the sagittal plane?
Tension in the muscle, either shortening or lengthening.
What are Isotonic Contrations?
Inflammation of the extensor tendons and direct injury to the lateral epicondyle. Caused by activities that stress wrist extension and supination.
What is Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)?
Tibialis Anterior is tight and painful along its tibial attachment.
What is Shin Splints?
Assessments for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.
What is Reverse Bakody's Maneuver and Costaclavicular Maneuver?
Balance muscle tone between the abdominal and hip extensor muscles and low back and hip flexor muscles.
What is Ideal Alignment Posture?
Depression of the shoulder girdle.
What is the lower trapezius?
A- Extend the elbow, Long head- Extend the shoulder, adduct the shoulder. O- Long head- Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. Lateral head- Posterior surface of proximal half of the humerus. Medial head- Posterior surface of distal half of the humerus. I- Olecranon process of the ulna.
What is the Triceps Brachii?
A- Flex the 2nd-5th fingers, flex the wrist. O- Anterior and medial surfaces of proximal 3 quarters of ulna. I- Bases of distal phalanges, palmar surface of 2nd-5th fingers.
What is Flexor Digitorum Profundus?
A- Adduct the thumb, 2nd, 4th, and 5th fingers toward the 3rd finger, flex and extend same fingers. O- Base of 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th metacarpals. I- Base of the proximal phalanx of the related finger and the extensor aponeurosis.
What is Palmar Interossei?
Extension of the elbow joint. 1-5 degrees ROM.
What is the Triceps Brachii?
A- Unilaterally- Laterally flex the head to same side. Rotate head to same side. Bilaterally- Elevate the ribs during formed inhalation.
What are the scalenes?
A-Unilaterally- Laterally flex the head and neck to same side. Rotate the head and neck to same side. Bilaterally- Flex head and neck. O- TP C3-C6. I- Inferior surface of occiput.
What is the Longus Capitis?
Divides the body into front and back portions.
What is the frontal plane?
Tension develops in the muscle. Muscle shortens, causes movement against gravity.
What is Concentric (Collapse) Contraction?
An inflammation of the flexor tendons or pronator teres caused by activities that stress wrist flexion and pronation.
What is Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow)?
Knife-like pain at the calcaneus when the client tries to walk. Swelling may occur.
What is Plantar Fasciitis?
Assessment for tear in the rotator cuff.
What is Codman's sign (Drop Arm Test)?
Weakness often exists in the anterior neck and upper back muscles and muscles of the lower abdomen. Muscle shortness is frequently present in hip flexors and, to a lesser extent, the low back extensors.
What is Kyphosis-Lordosis Posture?
Retraction of the shoulder girdle.
What are the rhomboids?
A- Flex the shoulder, Adduct the shoulder. O- Coracoid process of the scapula. I-Medial surface of mid-humeral shaft.
What is the coracobrachialis?
A- Pronate the forearm, flex the elbow. O- Common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of the ulna. I- Middle of lateral surface of the radius.
What is Pronator Teres?
A- Adduct the 2nd, 3rd, 4th fingers, flex and extend same fingers. O- Adjacent sides of all metacarpals. I- Base of the proximal phalanx of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th fingers and the extensor aponeurosis.
What is Dorsal Interossei?
Supination of the elbow joint with 90 degrees ROM.
What are Biceps Brachii and Supinator?
A- Unilaterally- Laterally flex the head to same side. Rotate head to same side. Bilaterally- Elevate the ribs during formed inhalation. Flex the head and neck. O- TP C3-C6 I- First Rib
What is the Anterior Scalene?
A- Unilaterally- Laterally flex the head and neck to same side. Rotate head and neck to same side. Bilaterally- Flex the head and neck. O- Bodies of C5-T3, TP C3-C5. I- Tubercle of anterior arch of the atlas; bodies of the axis, C3 and C4, TP of C5 and C6.
What is the Longus Colli?
Divides the body into upper and lower parts.
What is the transverse plane?
Tension develops in the muscle. Muscle lengthens. Controls movement with gravity.
What is Eccentric (Extend) Contraction?
What is Radial Nerve Entrapment?
Limited range of motion in a joint due to inflammatory thickening of the capsule, a common cause of stiffness in the shoulder.
What is Adhesive Capsulitis or Frozen Shoulder?
Assessment for Bicipital Tendonitis.
What is the Speed's Test?
Shortened hamstrings pull the pelvis into the posterior tilt with associated weakness in the hip flexors. Slight knee flexion may be noted due to tightness in the hamstrings.
What is Flat Back Posture?
Protraction of the shoulder girdle.
What are the Serratus Anterior?
What is Brachialis?
A- Pronate the forearm. O- Medial, anterior surface of distal ulna. I- Lateral, anterior surface of distal radius.
What is the Pronator Quadratus?
A- Abduct the 5th finger, opposition of the 5th finger toward the thumb. O- Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris. I- Base of proximal phalanx of 5th finger, ulnar surface.
What is Abductor Digiti Minimi?
Pronation of the elbow joint and 90 degree ROM.
What is the Pronator Quadratus?
A- Unilaterally- Laterally flex the head to same side. Rotate head to same side. Bilaterally- Elevate the ribs during formed inhalation. O- TP C2-C7. I- First Rib
What is the middle scalene?
A- Depress the mandible. Elevate the hyoid bone. Retract the mandible. O- Mastoid Process. I- Inferior border of the mandible.
What is the digastic?
Actions such as flexion and extension occur in this plane.
What is the sagittal plane?
Tension develops in the muscle, but there is NO CHANGE in the muscle length.
What is Isometric Contraction?
Pronator teres, or carpal tunnel pain, decreased sensation, tingling, or numbness.
Sudden and violent hyperextension of the head on the trunk followed by hyperflexion.
What is Whiplash?
Assessment for Deep Vein Thrombosis.
What is Homans' Sign?
The chest is elevated and the pelvis is tilted anteriorly putting Rectus Abdominis in an elongated position. Low back and hip flexors are shortened.
What is a Military-type Posture?
Upward Rotation of the shoulder girdle.
What are the lower and upper traps and the serratus anterior?
A-Flex the elbow, assist to pronate and supinate the forearm. O- Proximal two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus. I- Styloid process of radius.
What is Brachioradialis?
A- Supinate the forearm. O- Lateral epicondyle of humerus, annular ligament, and supinator crest of the ulna. I- Anterior, lateral surface of proximal one-third of radial shaft.
What is the Supinator?
A- Flex the 5th finger, opposition of the 5th finger towards the thumb. O- Hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum. I- Base of proximal phalanx of 5th finger, palmar surface.
What is Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis?
Flexion of the wrist and 80 degree ROM.
What are the Flexor Carpi Radialis and Flexor Carpi Ulnaris?
A- Unilaterally- Laterally flex the head to same side. Rotate head to same side. Bilaterally- Elevate the ribs during formed inhalation. O- TP C6-C7. I- Second Rib
What is the posterior scalene?
A- Assist to depress the mandible. O- Fascia covering superior part of pec major. I- Base of mandible, skin of lower part of the face.
What is the Platysma?
Actions such as adduction and abduction occur in this plane.
What is the frontal plane?
Immoveable, fibrous joint. Sutures and Gomphosis.
What is Synarthrosis?
Pain in the forearm that radiates to the wrist with numbness and tingling in the 5th and 4th digits.
What is the Ulnar Nerve Entrapment?
Joint dysfunction as a chronic impairment of function of the temporomandibular articulation.
What is TMJ?
What is Lasegue's Test and Crossed Lasegue's Test?
This position places a stretch on the hip flexors and obliques. The lower back and hamstrings are likely to be strong and somewhat short. Upper back muscles show stretch weakness.
What is Sway-back Posture?
Downward rotation of the shoulder girdle.
What is the pec minor?
A- Extend the wrist, abduct the wrist, assist to flex the elbow. O- Distal one-third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus. I- Base of second metacarpal.
What is the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus?
A- Abduct the thumb, Extend the thumb, Abduct the wrist. O- Posterior surface of radius and ulna, and interosseous membrane. I- Base of first metacarpal.
What is Abductor Pollicis Longus?
A- Opposition of 5th finger. I- Hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum. I- Shaft of 5th metacarpal, ulnar surface.
What is Opponens Digiti Minimi?
Extension of the wrist and 70 degree ROM.
What are the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, and Extensor Carpi Ulnaris?
A-Elevate the mandible. O- Zygomatic Arch I- Angle and ramus of mandible.
What is the massetor?
A-Unilaterally-Laterally deviate the mandible to opposite side. Bilaterally- Elevate the mandible and protract the mandible. O- Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone and tuberosity of maxilla. I- Medial surface of ramus of the madible.
What is the Medial Pteryigoid?
Actions like rotation, occur in this plane.
What is the transverse plane?
Slight movement, ligamentous or cartilaginous, Syndesmosis, and Synchondrosis.
What is Amphiarthrosis?
Entrapment of the brachial plexus. Entrapment between the anterior and middle scalene and the pec minor. Tingling, pain, or numbness in the upper extremity.
What is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)?
Condition arises from a build-up of fluid in any of the 3 compartments in the lower leg.
What is Compartment Syndrome? Anterior, Posterior, and Lateral.
Assessments for sacroiliac joint.
What is Gaenslen's Sign and Erichsen's Sign?
Flexion of the shoulder with 180 degree ROM.
What are the Anterior Deltoid and Coracobrachialis?
A-Extend the wrist, abduct the wrist, assist to flex the elbow. O- Common extensor tendon from the lateral epicondyle of humerus. I- Base of third metacarpal.
A- Extend the thumb, abduct the wrist. O- Posterior surface of ulna, and interosseous membrane. I- Base of distal phalanx of thumb.
What is Extensor Pollicis Longus?
Radial Deviation of the wrist and 20 degree ROM.
What is the Flexor Carpi Radialis and the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus?
A-Elevate the mandible. O- Temporal fossa and fascia. I- Coronoid process and anterior edge of ramus of mandible.
What is the Temporalis?
A- Raise the eyebrows, anchor and retract the galea posteriorly. O- Galea aponeurotica. I- Skin superior to eyebrows and superior nuchal line of occiput.
What is the Occipitofrontalis?
Client laying on their back.
What is supine?
Freely movable, synovial joints.
What is Diarthroses?
Symptom is deep and diffuse pain poorly localized in the posterior and lateral aspects of the shoulder. Scapular motion aggravates the pain.
What is Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment?
Inflammation in the tendon sheaths located on the radial side of the wrist.
What is DeQuervain Tenosynovitis?
Extension of the shoulder with 45 degree ROM.
What are the Latissimus Dorsi and Posterior Deltoid?
A- Extend the wrist, adduct the wrist. O- Common extensor tendon from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. I- Base of 5th metacarpal.
What is Extensor Carpi Ulnaris?
A- Extend the thumb, abduct the wrist. O- Posterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane. I- Base of proximal phalanx of thumb.
What is Extensor Pollicis Brevis?
Ulnar Deviation of the wrist and 30 degree ROM.
What is Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and Extensor Carpi Ulnaris?
4 Suprahyoids
What is Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, and Stylohyoid, and Digastic?
4 Infrahyoids.
What are Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid, and Omohyoid?
Client laying on their stomach.
What is Prone?
What is Synarthrosis, Sutures?
Pain in the anterosuperior shoulder that worsens with overhead activity. Weakness in abduction or flexion.
What is Rotator Cuff injuries?
Patellar tendinitis at the tibial tuberosity in immature bone.
What is Osgood-Schlatter Disease?
Adduction of the shoulder with 45 degree ROM
What are the pec major, latissimus dorsi, anterior deltoid, and posterior deltoid?
A- Extend the second through fifth fingers, assist to extend the wrist. O- Common extensor tendon from the lateral epicondyle of humerus. I- Base of fifth metacarpal.
What is Extensor Carpi Ulnaris?
A- Flex the thumb, flex the wrist. O- Anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane. I- Base of distal phalanx of thumb.
What is Flexor Pollicis Longus?
Assessments for Lateral Epicondylitis.
What is Cozen's and Mill's Test?
A-Elevate the hyoid and tongue. O-Underside of Mandible and styloid process. I- Hyoid Bone.
What are the Suprahyoids?
A- Depress the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage. O- Top of manubrium, thyroid cartilage, and superior border of the scapula. I- Hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage.
What are the infrahyoids?
Teeth in the bone joint.
What is Synarthrosis, Gomphosis?
Pain when the arm is overhead or bent. Weakness in flexion can be noted as well.
What is Bicipital Tendonitis?
Tenderness in localized areas or tender points, widespread pain, joint stiffness, fatigue, and sleep and mood problems.
What is Fibromyalgia Syndrome?
Abduction of the shoulder with 180 degree ROM
A-Extend the 2nd-5th fingers, assist to extend the wrist. O- Common extensor tendon from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. I- Bases of middle and distal phalanges of second through 5th fingers.
What is Extensor Digitorum?
A- Abduct the thumb, opposition of thumb. O- Flexor retinaculum, trapezium, and scaphoid tubercles. I- Base of proximal phalanx of thumb.
What is Abductor Pollicis Brevis?
Assessment for Medial Epicondylitis.
What is the Golfer's Elbow Test?
Ligamentous joint.
What is Amphiarthrosis, Syndesmosis?
Pain in the inguinal region partially relieved by flexion and external rotation of the hip. sensory changes over the anterior thigh and anteromedial leg. Through the Psoas Major.
What is Lumbar Nerve Entrapment?
Deeply infected hair follicles that spread to surrounding areas.
What are boils?
External rotation of the shoulder with 40-45 degree ROM.
What are the infraspinatus and the teres minor?
A-Extend the elbow. O-Lateral epicondyle of the humerus. I- Olecranon process and posterior, proximal surface of ulna.
What is Anconeus?
A- Flex the thumb, opposition of thumb. O- Superficial head- Flexor retinaculum. Deep head- Trapezium, trapezoid, and capitate. I- Base of proximal phalanx of thumb.
What is Flexor Pollicis Brevis?
Assessment for Radial Nerve Entrapment.
What is Tinel's Sign of the Elbow?
What is a cartilaginous joint?
What is Amphiarthrosis, Synchrondrosis?
Buttock pain with electrical pain down posterior leg increased by contraction of piriformis, prolonged sitting, or direct pressure.
What is Sciatic Nerve Entrapment?
Compression of the median nerve in the wrist.
What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Internal Rotation of the shoulder with 55 degree ROM.
What are the subscapularis, pec major, latissimus dorsi, and teres major?
A-Extend the 2nd finger, adduct the 2nd finger, assist to extend the wrist. O- Posterior surface of distal shaft of ulna and interosseous membrane. I- Tendon of the extensor digitorum at the level of the second metacarpal.
What is Extensor Indicis?
A- Opposition of thumb. O- Flexor retinaculum and tubercle of the trapezium. I- Entire length of first metacarpal bone, radial surface.
What is Opponens Pollicis?
Assessments for Median Nerve Entrapment.
What are Phalen's Sign and Reverse Phalen's Sign and Tinel's Sign at the wrist?
Arthrodial, carpals, and tarsals?
What is a Gliding Joint?
Involuntary and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax.
What is a cramp?
Chronic elevated blood glucose levels and disturbances in protein, fat, and carb metabolism.
What is Diabetes?
Horizontal Adduction of the shoulder.
What are the pec major, coracobrachialis, and anterior deltois?
A-Flex the wrist, abduct the wrist, flex the elbow. O- Common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle of humerus. I-Bases of second and third metacarpals.
What is Flexor Carpi Radialis?
A- Adduct the thumb, flex the thumb. O- Capitate, 2nd and 3rd metacarpals. I- Base of proximal phalanx of thumb.
What is Adductor Pollicis?
Assessment for Ulnar Nerve?
What is Tinel's Sign of the Elbow?
Ginglymus, elbow, knee, ankle.
What is a Hinge Joint?
Pain over medial arch but not over plantar fascia. Numbness, heel pain, diffuse plantar burning or tingling. Unilateral.
What is Posterior Tibial Nerve Entrapment?
Periodic episodes of vasospasms in the fingers and toes.
What is Raynaud Disease?
Horizontal Abduction of the shoulder.
What are the posterior deltoid and infraspinatus?
A-Tense the palmar fascia, flex the wrist, flex the elbow. O- Common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle of humerus. I- Flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis.
What is Palmaris Longus?
Trochoid, C1 rotates around C2.
What is Pivot Joint?
Sudden pop with pain, difficulty in contraction of the muscle. Muscle spasms and contract forcefully.
What is a strain?
Assessment for external and internal rotation of the shoulder muscles.
A-Flex the wrist, adduct the wrist, flex the elbow. O-Humeral head-common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle of the humerus. Ulnar head- Posterior surface of proximal two-thirds of ulna. I- Pisiform, hook of hamate, and base of firth metacarpal.
What is Flexor Carpi Ulnaris?
Condyloid, Radius and carpals, and biaxial.
What is Ellipsoid Joint?
Pain, swelling, and redness of the leg and dilation of the surface veins.
What is Deep Vein Thrombosis?