Glucose Regulation 1
What is the normal range for fasting blood glucose?
70-99 mg/dL
What is the metabolic process where the liver produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?
Gluconeogenesis.
What is the hallmark symptom of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Chronic cough with sputum production and dyspnea.
What complication arises from high oxygen administration in a patient with COPD?
Oxygen-induced hypoventilation due to loss of hypoxic drive.
What is the normal pH range for arterial blood?
7.35 - 7.45.
Name two major risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes.
Obesity and Sedentary life style
What is the Somogyi effect, and how is it managed?
Nocturnal hypoglycemia leads to rebound hyperglycemia; managed by adjusting nighttime insulin dosage.
Which oxygen delivery system provides the most precise oxygen concentration for patients with chronic lung disease?
Venturi mask.
What does an increased anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the chest indicate in a COPD patient?
Barrel chest due to chronic air trapping.
What acid-base disorder is caused by excessive vomiting?
Metabolic alkalosis.
What is the primary function of insulin in glucose metabolism?
Facilitates glucose uptake into cells and lowers blood glucose levels.
Which class of diabetes medications increases insulin secretion from the pancreas but carries a risk of hypoglycemia?
Sulfonylureas (e.g., glipizide, glyburide).
What is the primary stimulus for breathing in a patient with COPD?
Hypoxia (low oxygen levels).
How does CO2 retention lead to CO2 narcosis, and what are its signs?
High CO2 levels depress the central nervous system, leading to confusion, drowsiness, and possible coma.
Which organ system is the slowest but most effective in regulating acid-base balance?
Kidneys.
What is the diagnostic fasting blood glucose level for diabetes?
Greater than 125 mg/dL.
What is the mechanism of action for Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors?
Increases glucose excretion through urine by inhibiting renal glucose reabsorption.
What does pursed-lip breathing help with in COPD patients?
Prolongs exhalation to prevent air trapping and improve gas exchange.
What is the purpose of BiPAP therapy in a patient with respiratory failure?
Provides different pressure levels for inhalation and exhalation to improve ventilation.
What respiratory condition can lead to respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation due to COPD, pneumonia, or drug overdose.
What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
What is the preferred treatment for hypoglycemia in an unconscious patient?
IV dextrose (D50) or intramuscular glucagon.
What is the expected arterial blood gas (ABG) finding in a COPD patient?
Respiratory acidosis with compensated metabolic changes.
What ABG finding indicates acute respiratory failure in a COPD patient?
pH < 7.30, PaCO2 > 50 mmHg, and PaO2 < 60 mmHg.
What is the primary buffer system used to maintain acid-base balance?
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) buffer system.