NMJ
Innervation station
Osteology of the limbs
Muscles of the forelimb
Muscles of the hindlimb
Ligaments and joints
100
The neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction
What is Acetylcholine?
100
The most important nerve of the forelimb, innervated the triceps as well as the digital extensors
What is the radial nerve?
100
The bone of the brachium
What is the humerus?
100
This muscle fills the subscapular fossa
What is the subscapularis muscle?
100
This group of muscles is collectively responsible for most of the propulsion when an animal runs
What are the Hamstrings?
(biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus namely)
100
These structures in general help to stabalize unwanted movement of joints
What are collateral ligaments?
200
This structure houses Calcium stores in the muscle
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
200
This nerve innervates the muscles on the plantar side of the hindlimb
What is the Tibial nerve?
200
This structure is acted on by the triceps brachi muscle in order to extend the elbow
Olecranon process
200
The main extensor muscle of the elbow
Triceps brachi
200
This muscle is the primary extensor of the tarsus
What is the gastrocnemius?
200
The stifle joint is made up of these bones
What are the femur, patella, and tibia?
300
This receptor type is acted on at the NMJ to create an end-plate potential
What are Nicotinic ACh receptors?
300
This major nerve innervates most of the hip extensor muscles
What is the sciatic nerve?
300
This boney ridge houses the patella
What is the Femoral trochlea?
300
This functional group of muscles originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Craniolateral group (extensors of the carpus and digits)
300
This head of the quadriceps femoris is the only one that originates in the hip
What is the Rectus femoris?
300
This ligament on the dorsal aspect of the hind limb is responsible for tarsal flexion
What is the peroneus tertius?
400
ADP and Phosphate are removed from myosin
What is the cause of the power stroke?
400
This bundle of nerves is responsible for the innervation of the forelimb
What is the brachial plexus?
400
The main weight-bearing bone of the distal hindlimb (distal to stifle, proximal to tarsus)
What is the tibia?
400
This muscle covers a large area on the craniodorsal aspect of the animal, and contains a cervical and thoracic portion (separated by the spine of the scapula)
What is the trapezius?
400
IM injections in horses are typically given in this/these muscle(s)
What are the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles?
400
This ligament, in horses, helps to support the head and neck but is largely absent in dogs and cats
What is the Nuchal ligament?
500
Triad
500
This nerve innervates the cranial tibial muscle
What is the fibular nerve?
500
Deltoid tuberosity
500
What muscle is shown by #8?
Superficial digital flexor
500
This group of muscles typically lay on the craniolateral aspect of the crus
Tarsal flexors/digital extensors
500
These structures help absorb the impact in the stifle joint
What are the Menisci?
600
Calcium acts on this protein in order to initiate muscle contraction at the level of the sarcomere
Troponin
600
This bone is incomplete in most horse hind-limbs
What is the fibula?
600
The adductor muscles of the forelimb
What are the pectorals?
600
All four heads of the quadriceps femoris muscle insert on this structure
The patella. The patellar ligament then connects the muscle to the tibial tuberosity
600
These ligaments prevent "drawer" movement of the stifle (cranial to caudal movement)
What are the cruciate ligaments?
700
Actin is often referred to as the ______ filament
Thin
700
The medial bone of the antebrachium
Radius
700
What muscle is shown in blue in this LATERAL view of the shoulder?
Supraspinatus
700
These two muscles cover most of the medial surface of the hindlimb
What are the gracilis and sartorius muscles
700
This GAG is the most common found in synovial joint fluid and assists with viscosity, shock absorption, and reduction of friction
What is hyaluronic acid?
800
This structure is what causes striations in skeletal muscle
What are Z-discs
800
This nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris
What is the femoral nerve?
800
A structure on the equine and bovine femur that is absent in smaller animals
What is the third trochanter?
800
What is the magenta-colored muscle?
Latissimus dorsi
800
Muscles that extend the tarsus do this to the digits of the hindlimb
Flex the digit
800
Shown is a dorsal view of the tarsus. The joint highlighted in red is the ________ joint
Distal intertarsal joint
900
Compare and contrast the muscle fibers in terms of
1. speed of contraction
2. main energy production method
3. amount of myoglobin
Type 2x- fastest (glycolytic) [no myoglobin]
Type 2a- fast (oxidation or glycolytic) [low myoglobin]
Type 1- slow (oxidative) [high myoglobin]
900
Commonly referred to as the "splint" bones in a horse
Metatarsal 2 and 4
900
This muscle antagonizes the triceps brachi
Biceps brachi
900
This muscle acts on a large flat sheet of fibrous tissue that covers most of the craniodorsal aspect of the hind limb
What is the tensor fascia latae?
900
The 3 types of joints are.....
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
1000
Describe the events following an action potential that lead to muscle contraction in pictures! (roughly 15 events... do not include relaxation of muscle... most complete answer wins!)
1. Action potential
2. Calcium release in terminal of axon
3. Acetyl choline release into synapse
4. Acetyl choline binding to nicotinic ACh receptors
5. Graded potential
6. Sodium voltage gated channels open, causing action potential down the muscle fiber
7. DHP receptor changes configuration to stimulate Ryanodine receptor
8. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium
9. Calcium binds to troponin
10. Tropomyosin moves to reveal myosin-binding site
11. Myosin acts on actin, shortening sarcomeres
(specifics of 11 are that myosin binds[11], ADP+Pi are removed: which causes the power stroke[12]. ATP binds, releasing myosin from actin[13], ATP is hydrolyzed to prepare myosin for next cycle[14])
1000
Injecting a local anesthetic into the _____ nerve at the level of the _____ will result in loss of sensation to most of the hoof (forelimb)
Palmer digital
Fetlock
1000
1. Point of the hip (Tuber coxae)
2. (Tuber sacralae)
3. Point of the buttock (Tuber ischia)
4. Stifle joint (femur, patella, tibia)
5. Hock (Tarsus)
6. Fetlock (Metatarsophalyngeal joint)
1000
List the points of insertion for the superficial and deep digital flexors and illustrate the interaction between the two tendons of insertion
Deep inserts on the flexor tubercle of P3
Superficial inserts on proximal aspect of P2
1000
if you got more than 10 right= 1000 points
100 points deducted for each wrong/incomplete answer under 10
1000
Describe the arrangement of fibers in articular cartilage and name the different layers
