Genesis
When normal cells are transformed into cancer cells
Carcinogenesis
A normal cell growing in the wrong place at the wrong time due to a problem with cellular regulation
Benign
Chronic irritation and tissue trauma causes...
Frequent cell division and increases the risk of DNA mutation
What are the two types of radiation?
Teletherapy
(External Beam; Pt is not radioactive)
Brachytherapy
(Internal Beam; Pt emits radiation)
What is CINV and the 4 common patterns?
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Anticipatory before receiving
Acute within the first 24 hrs following
Delayed after the first 24 hrs following
Breakthrough intermittently during therapy for CINV
The first step of carcinogenesis, a change in gene expression caused by anything that can penetrate a cell get into the nucleus and mutate DNA leading to a loss of CELLULAR REGULATION (irreversible and leads to excessive cell division through DNA damage)
Initiation
A growth that resists treatment
Malignant
Three interacting factors that influence cancer development
Exposure to carcinogens, genetic predisposition, and immunity
3 key principles for radiation safety
Distance- greater the distance the less the exposure
Time- limited to 30 minutes of direct care per 8 hr shift
Shielding- lead shielding devices reduce exposure
Nonpharmacologic measures to treat CINV
Adjust fluid and oral intake
Relaxation
Exercise
Hypnosis
Biofeedback
Guided Imagery
Systemic Desensitization
Educate to avoid offensive odors
Serve small portions 4-6 times per day
Second step of carcinogenesis. Enhanced growth of an initiated cell by substances called promoters.
Promotion
Grows slowly; Grows by enlarging and expanding; Contained in a fibrous capsule; Well differentiated; Recurrence is extremely unusual; Metastasis never occurs; Not harmful to host; Good prognosis
Benign
External factors include chemical, physical, or viral.
Name one of each
Chemical- Tobacco
Physical- Radiation, Chronic Irritation
Viral- Occurs when viruses infect cells, break DNA strands, and insert their own genetic material into human DNA (HPV, Epstein-Barr, Hepatitis B)
Types of Chemotherapy (2)
Combination Therapy- giving more than one anticancer drug in a timed manner
Adjuvant Therapy- chemotherapy used with surgery or radiation
Name the tissue of origin (Connective/Epithelium)
1.) Fibroma/Fibrosarcoma
2.) Lipoma/LipoSarcoma
3.) Chondroma/Chondrosarcoma
4.) Osteoma/Osteogenic Sarcoma
5.) Papilloma/ Squamous Cell Carcinoma
6.) Adenoma/Adenosarcoma
7.)Nevus/Malignant Melanoma
1.) Fibrous
2.) Adipose
3.) Cartilage
4.) Bone
5.) Skin
6.) Glands
7.) Pigmented Cells
Third step of carcinogenesis, the continued change of a cancer, making it more malignant over time (divide no matter how the conditions around them change)
Progression
Grows rapidly; Grows by infiltrating surrounding tissues; Never contained within a capsule; Poorly differentiated; Recurrence is common; Metastasis is very common; Always harmful to host; Prognosis varies
Malignant
Personal Factors include what 3 things?
Immunity, age, genetics
Extravasation is a serious complication of IV chemotherapy.
What does it mean when an agent is differentiated as a vesicant?
Vesicant is an agent that causes or forms a blister and cause tissue destruction
Name the tissue of origin (Endothelium/Muscle)
1.) Hemangioma/Hemangiosarcoma
2.) Lymphangioma/Lymphangiosarcoma
3.) Multiple Myeloma/Ewing's Sarcoma/Leukemia
4.) Malignant Lymphoma/Lymphosarcoma
5.) Leiomyoma/Leiomyosarcoma
6.) Rhabdomyoma/Rhabdomyosarcoma
1.) Blood Vessels
2.) Lymph Vessels
3.) Bone Marrow
4.) Lymphoid Tissue
5.) Smooth Muscle
6.) Striated Muscle
The process in which cancer cells move from the primary location and establish remote colonies
Metastasis
-oma=?
-sarcoma; -carcinoma; -blastoma=?
Daily Double
How is cancer classified?
-oma= Benign
-sarcoma; -carcinoma; -blastoma= Malignant
Daily Double
Tissue of Origin
CAUTION
C- change in bowel or bladder habits
A- a sore that does not heal
U- unusual bleeding or discharge
T- thickening or lump in breast or other tissue
I- indigestion or swallowing difficulties
O- obvious change in wart or mole
N- nagging cough or hoarseness
What is the most important nursing intervention for extravasation?
Prevention
Name the tissue of origin (Nerve)
1.) Neuroma/Neurogenic
2.) Glioma/Glioblastoma
3.) Meningioma/Malignant Meningioma
1.) Nerve Fibers
2.) Glial Cells
3.) Meninges