Back to the Future (of Anatomy)
This structure (or structures) pass through the C7 transverse foramen.
What is the vertebral vein?
A specialized abdominal fascia that extends inferiorly to the inguinal ligament.
What is the femoral sheath?
This ligament rarely tears in ankle fractures.
What is the deltoid ligament?
This arch of the foot is primarily affected in pes planus.
What is the medial longitudinal arch?
This nerve runs beneath or sometimes through the piriformis muscle and can become compressed, causing symptoms.
What is the sciatic nerve?
This congenital abnormality can result in symptoms of arm and hand swelling, weakness, and pain.
What is a cervical rib?
This is found inside the femoral triangle but outside the femoral sheath.
What is the femoral nerve?
After wearing high-heeled shoes for several days, a patient develops this fixed flexion deformity at the proximal interphalangeal joints of the toes.
What is a hammer toe?
The popliteal fossa is bordered superiorly by this muscle medially and this muscle laterally.
What are the semimembranosus (medially) and biceps femoris (laterally)?
A patient with Bell's palsy is undergoing facial reanimation surgery. This nerve, commonly harvested from the lower limb, is most often used to reinnervate the paralyzed side of the face due to its size, length, and favorable donor-site morbidity.
What is the sural nerve?
This ligament can be injured due to hyperextension during a cervical acceleration-deceleration injury (whiplash).
What is the anterior longitudinal ligament?
During a coronary artery bypass graft, this superficial lower limb vein is often harvested. Despite its removal, venous return from the leg remains intact because of collateral circulation through deep veins accompanying major arteries.
What is the saphenous vein?
A patient sustains a blow to the lateral side of the knee while the foot is planted. This classic injury triad involves these 3 ligaments.
What is MCL, ACL, and medial meniscus?
These two muscles converge to insert on the calcaneus via a common tendon, allowing powerful plantarflexion of the foot during walking, running, and jumping. Together, they are referred to by this collective name.
What are the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles that form the triceps surae?
During a neuro exam, you test sensation at the medial malleolus, the lateral heel, and the infragluteal fold to evaluate specific spinal nerve roots. Loss of sensation at these points would suggest injury to which dermatomes?
What are L4 (medial malleolus), S1 (lateral calcaneus), and S3 (infragluteal fold)?
The vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve can be found running through the anatomical space bordered by these 3 muscles.
What are the rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior, and obliquus capitis inferior?
A patient presents with swelling along the distribution of the small saphenous vein and tenderness in the popliteal fossa. You suspect lymphadenopathy in this deep nodal group, which normally drains the posterior leg and plantar foot before sending lymph to the deep inguinal nodes.
What are the popliteal lymph nodes?
A patient presents after a high-energy trauma with a shortened, medially rotated leg. This injury also places the sciatic nerve at risk.
What is posterior hip dislocation?
A patient presents with a noticeable drop of the pelvis on the side opposite their stance leg during walking. The hip on the weight-bearing side appears to “pop” laterally. This gait abnormality typically results from weakness of the muscles responsible for hip abduction due to injury of this nerve.
What is a lesion to the superior gluteal nerve causing the Trendelenburg Gait?
A construction worker develops burning pain and numbness along the anterolateral thigh after months of wearing a heavy tool belt. This condition results from compression of this purely sensory nerve beneath the inguinal ligament.
What is meralgia paresthetica due to compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?
A patient presents with weakness in knee extension and a diminished patellar reflex. Compression of this spinal nerve by the herniated material from the intervertebral disc explains the clinical findings.
What is the L4 spinal nerve compressed by the nucleus pulposus?
A patient presents with a popliteal artery aneurysm. During surgical exposure, you must identify the muscle forming the superior lateral boundary of the popliteal fossa to avoid iatrogenic nerve injury. Damage here risks affecting this terminal branch of the sciatic nerve.
What is the biceps femoris, and which nerve is the common fibular nerve?
This condition is characterized by an increased Q angle at the knee, causing the distal leg to deviate laterally relative to the thigh.
What is genu valgum?
This conjoined tendon inserts on the medial proximal tibia and helps stabilize the knee against valgus forces. These three muscles run in an anterior-to-posterior arrangement.
What is the pes anserinus: sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus?
A patient walks with their torso leaning backward at heel strike to compensate for weak hip extension. This gait pattern is typically due to damage to these spinal roots that contribute to this nerve.
What are L5-S2 of the inferior gluteal nerve?