Chapters 1-2: Collecting and Visually Summarizing Data
In any statistical study, we observe how these two variables are related to one another.
What are explanatory and response variables?
When calculating a sample standard deviation, rather than divide by the sample size, we divide by this quantity.
What are the degrees of freedom?
Suppose you have a least-squares regression line of y = 2x + 1. If x = 3, you would expect y to be approximately this amount.
What is y = 7?
The closer P(E) is to this amount, the more likely an event E is to occur.
What is 1?
"And when she knows what she wants from her time
"And when she wakes up and makes up her mind"
What is "Uptown Girl?"
Consider a sample of size n from a population of size N. This sampling method occurs when every possible sample of size n has an equally likely chance of occurring.
What is simple random sampling?
The five-number summary of a set of data includes the minimum value, the first quartile, the third quartile, the maximum value, and this quantity.
What is the median?
The closer the correlation coefficient is to this quantity, the less evidence there is of a linear relation.
What is 0?
When flipping a coin twice in a row, this is the complement of the event E = {HH, TT}.
What is EC = {HT, TH}?
"He says, 'Son, can you play me a memory?
"'I'm not really sure how it goes
"'But it's sad and it's sweet, and I knew it complete
"'When I wore a younger man's clothes'"
What is "Piano Man?"
The effects of this type of explanatory variable cannot be distinguished from a second explanatory variable in a given study.
This measure of central tendency is not resistant.
What is the mean?
A least-squares regression line minimizes the sum of these values on a scatterplot.
What are residuals?
According to the Empirical Method, we can use this quantity regarding an event E to estimate the probability of E.
What is relative frequency?
"What's the matter with the crowd I'm seeing?
"Don't you know that they're out of touch?
"Well, should I try to be a straight 'A' student?
"If you are, then you think too much"
What is "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me?"
This type of bar graph has bars drawn in decreasing order of frequency or relative frequency.
What is a Pareto chart?
According to the Empirical Rule, approximately this percentage of data in a normal distribution lies within two standard deviations of the mean.
What is 95%?
A correlation coefficient of 0.5 means that this percentage of the variation in the given data is explained by the least-squares regression line.
What is 25%?
Mutual exclusivity refers to events that occur simultaneously, while this refers to events that occur one after another.
What is independence?
"If you said goodbye to me tonight
"There would still be music left to write
"What else could I do? I'm so inspired by you
"That hasn't happened for the longest time"
What is "The Longest Time?"
What is skewed right?
To find outliers in a set of data, multiply this quantity by 1.5 and either subtract from the first quartile or add to the third quartile.
What is the interquartile range?
A scatterplot with a correlation coefficient of r = -0.91 has this type of linear relation.
What is strong negative?
This is the probability of drawing two face cards (jack, queen, or king) in a row without replacement.
What is 11/221?
"Listen boy it's not automatically a certain guarantee
"To ensure yourself you've got to provide communication constantly"
What is "Tell Her About It?"