Affective & Conceptual Dimensions of MC
The three types of resistance experienced during multicultural training
What are... cognitive resistance (denial), emotional resistance (anxiety, fear, defensiveness, anger, guilt, regret, and remorse), and behavioral resistance?
This fifth force or wave includes social and political action that seeks to ensure that all clients have equal access to the resources, employment, services, and opportunities they require to meet their basic human needs and to develop fully
What is... social justice counseling?
Schofield (1964, as cited in Sue et al., 2019) noted that counselors seem to prefer clients who exhibit these characteristics of the YAVIS syndrome
What are... young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful?
This model delineates a five-stage process in which Black or African American folx in the U.S. move from a White frame of reference to a positive Black frame of reference
What is... the Cross model of psychological nigrescence (Cross, 1971, 1991, 1995, as cited in Sue et al., 2019)?
If counselors quickly identify our client as "defensive" or "overreactive," these characterizations will reduce our attempt to gather additional or contradictory information
What are... judgmental heuristics?
One of the most important characteristics of a counselor for an African American client
What is... cultural sensitivity or cultural competence?
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may be productive for Muslim clients if conducted in accordance with Islamic beliefs, which would necessitate CBT undergoing this process to make the approach more culturally responsive
What is... cultural adaptation or modification?
"This disability represents a defect that resides in the individual and actions is taken to rehabilitate that condition" is a description of what
What is... medical model?
The tripartite framework for understanding the multiple dimensions of identity
What is... we are, in some respects, like all other people (universal level), like some other people (group level), and like no other person (individual level)?
The belief in the superiority of one group's cultural heritage over another and imposing those standards
What is... ethnocentric monoculturalism?
These elements comprise nonverbal communication
What are... proxemics, kinesics, paralanguage, and high/low-context communication?
In Sue and Sue's (1990, 1999, as cited in Sue et al., 2019) Racial/Cultural Identity Development (R/CID) model, a conflict between self-depreciating and group-appreciating (attitudes and beliefs toward the self) indicates one is presently in this status
What is... Status 2 - dissonance?
With notable exceptions such as this, many clinical assessments and interviews do not explore client concerns through a contextual viewpoint
What is... the Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI; Lewis-Fernández et al., 2016, as cited in Sue et al., 2019)?
One of the five levels of cultural orientation for the American Indian/Alaska Natives populations, an AI/AN client at this level of acculturation has been exposed to and adopted mainstream values but is making a conscious effort to return to the "old ways"
What is... pantraditional?
Due to the harrowing experiences had during the migratory process of many immigrants and refugees, counselors would be advised to consider this when selecting theories, models, and assessments
What is... trauma-informed care?
A mental condition define in the DSM-5 as significant and impairment resulting from an incongruence between a person's gender identity and assigned gender
What is... gender dysphoria?
According to MSJCC (Ratts et al., 2015), the four components of multicultural and social justice competency
What are... awareness of attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, skills, and action?
Regardless of the theoretical orientation, a counselor's effectiveness depends on client perceptions of these characteristics
What are... expertness, trustworthiness, and attractiveness?
Decisions based on EBP include these three pillars
What are... treatment variables (best available research), counselor variables (clinical expertise), and client variables (client characteristics, culture, and preferences)?
The key difference between being a nonracist counselor and being an antiracist counselor
What is... a nonracist counselor engages in individual changes whereas an antiracist counselor engages in systemic changes?
During this principle of collaborative conceptualization, the counselor can tentatively address possibilities concerning the etiology of the problem and factors contributing to the persistence of the problem
What is... jointly formulate a hypothesis regarding the cause of the problem?
When counseling Asian American and Pacific Islander clients, counselors will employ this concept, which reduces the chance that they will impose their worldview on the AAPI client
What is... co-construction?
These folx are the most targeted religious group for hate crimes and discrimination in the U.S.
Who are... Jewish Americans?
"Are we ready for our medicine now?" is an example of this, which infantilizes geriatric clients
What is... elderspeak?
This concept reflects the cultural specific perspective in counseling
What is... emic orientation?
These are the three types of "brief and commonplace daily verbal or behavioral indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative slights that potentially have a harmful or unpleasant psychological impact on the target person or group"
What are... microassaults, microinsults, and microinvalidations?
If counselors are culturally unaware and engage primarily through an etic orientation they may often be culturally insensitive and inclined to see differences as deviance, which may lead to this concept
What is... overpathologizing?
The Helms White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1984, 1990, 1994, 1995, as cited in Sue et al., 2019) requires movement through these two phases
What is... abandonment of racism and defining a nonracist White identity (Helms, 2015, as cited in Sue et al., 2019)?
This can be reduced by performing a thorough assessment that includes consideration of sociocultural and environmental factors and testing hypotheses regarding extrapsychic as well as intrapsychic influences
What is... attribution error?
An implication for counseling Latino/a/x/e clients, counselors need to be mindful of this, which is exemplified by a personalized communication style characterized by respectful, interdependent, and cooperative interactions
What is... personalismo?
These folx are among the most likely to perceive professional counselors as potentially threatening government operatives
Who are... immigrants and refugees?
Offering pro bono counseling services and/or a sliding fee scale promotes greater accessibility for these clients
Who are... folx living in poverty?
This concept is an orientation or disposition necessary to engage in self-reflection and to learn from clients and marginalized communities; a "way of being" rather than a "way of doing"
What is... cultural humility?
For clients with this worldview or orientation to life, White counselors might be perceived as more competent and preferred than are counselors of the client's own racial/ethnic identity
What is... external locus of control (EC)-internal locus of responsibility (IR) (EC-IR)?
Mutual agreement on appropriate goals, with an emphasis on changes valued by the client, is one of three of the elements that comprise this concept
What is... the therapeutic alliance?
In this third stage, the person withdraws from the dominant culture and becomes steeped in Black culture. Black pride begins to develop, but internalization of positive attitudes toward one's own Blackness is minimal. In the latter half of this third stage, feelings of guilt and anger begin to dissipate with an increasing sense of pride
What is... immersion-emersion stage of the Cross model of psychological nigrescence (Cross, 1971, 1991, 1995, as cited in Sue et al., 2019)?
Some of the common diagnostic errors
What are...
Confirmatory strategy—searching for evidence or information that supports one’s hypothesis and ignoring data that are inconsistent with this perspective.
Attribution error—the therapist places an undue emphasis on internal causes regarding a client’s problem.
Judgmental heuristics: commonly used quick-decision rules, which can be problematic because they short-circuit our ability to engage in self-correction.
Diagnostic overshadowing-the client’s problem receives inadequate treatment because attention is diverted to a more salient characteristic.
These laws concerning multiracial folx sought to “maintain racial purity”, generate additional property for slave owners, and accommodated the sexual abuse of African women
What are... hypodescent laws?
Recognize that these populations are distinct diverse groups who often, but not always, intersect. Religion may not be a factor in the presenting problem
Who are... Arabs and Muslims?
This hierarchical system that not only positions poverty and economic characteristics of groups in our society but involves sociopolitical relationships
What is... Social Class Stratification Theory?