Domains
What three factors define a language domain?
Participants, setting, topic
What is a linguistic repertoire?
The set of codes or varieties a speaker regularly uses.
What are the three features of classic diglossia?
H and L varieties, complementary functions, and H is not used in everyday conversation.
What is situational switching?
When people switch from one code to another for reasons which can be clearly identified. / Switching codes due to a change in setting, participants, or topic.
What two languages are spoken in Paraguay in the classic diglossic pattern?
Spanish and Guaraní
Which language does ’Anahina use at meal times with her family?
Tongan
What language does Kalala use to speak with people from different tribes from Bukavu?
Kingwana
Which language is the L variety in Switzerland?
Swiss German dialect
What’s the term for switching codes for emphasis or expressing emotions?
Affective function or metaphorical switching.
What is the H language in Arabic-speaking countries?
Classical Arabic
In which domains is Guaraní mostly used in Paraguay?
Family, friendship, and education (primary school).
Which language does Kalala use when applying for a job?
Standard Zairean Swahili
What is polyglossia?
The regular use of three or more languages or varieties in a community.
What’s an example of switching to quote someone?
Using a direct quote in another language, e.g., 'Ki a mātou Ngāti Porou...'
In Singapore, which code does Oi Lin Tan use in formal situations?
Formal Singapore English
What is the name of the sociolinguist who popularised the term 'domain'?
Joshua Fishman
Why does Kalala use Indoubil with his friends?
It’s youth slang used for in-group identity.
What term describes the situation in Luxembourg where French, German, and Lëtzebuergesch are used in specific ways?
Triglossia / Polyglossia
What’s emblematic switching or tag-switching?
Switching short expressions or tags to show ethnic identity.
Why did Polly in the UK switch to Patois when talking to her teacher?
To express anger and convey affective meaning.
Why is it sometimes misleading to rely only on domains to explain language choice?
Because specific topics or roles may cause leakage between domains.
What are some social factors that influence code choice?
addressee, setting, topic, and function.
Why is Haiti an example of diglossia without bilingualism?
Most people only speak Haitian Creole and cannot participate in formal domains using French.
What’s the difference between borrowing and code-switching?
Borrowing is to switch words due to lack of vocabulary or to express a concept or object that is not available in that language. Switching involves full shifts between codes.
In PNG, why does Mr. Rupa switch between Buang and Tok Pisin?
To emphasise both his local and professional identities — metaphorical switching.