Terminology (5/5)
This term refers to the strategic use of language alternation for meaning making and negotiation. It assumes no hierarchical positions among L1, L2, L3, etc.
What is translanguaging?
The first instance of language learning and the first use of a foreign language as a lingua franca both occured in this region.
What is Mesopotamia?
This Greek philosopher (c. 380 BCE) coined the term “Liberal Education”.
Who is Socrates?
This artifact has 3 kinds of writing on it: Hieroglyphs, Demotics, and Ancient Greek. The artifact provided scholars a window into Ancient Egypt, and that during the late classical times Egypt was officially multilingual.
What is the Rosetta Stone?
This pidgin was the lingua franca of the seas that existed from the South East Asian islands to California and even Alaska. It incorporated Tahitian and Māori and was spoken by European whalers (Germans & Russians) and later missionaries.
What is Hawaiʻi Maritime Pidgin?
The dominance of one language over others as maintained through structural and cultural inequalities; English is often the example cited.
What is linguistic imperialism?
This academy became one of the most influential learning centers in Persia in the 6th century. It preserved and transmitted medical knowledge of Hellenistic, Hindu, and Persian to the West.
What is the Academy of Jundi-Shapur?
This Ra’iatea-born man travelled to England and lived there for 2 years. During this time, he became a celebrity among the British elites. He studied English and served as a negotiator between Captain Cook and the natives of the Polynesian islands
Who is Omai?
The name of this language means “in the shape of wedges” in Latin. It consisted of around 600 symbols that represented syllables rather than individual alphabets. It survived as a classical language after the Akkadians’ conquest.
What is cuneiform?
This type of mixed language has native speakers and a fully developed grammar and syntax.
What is a creole?
The following phenomenon is an example of this concept:
Hawaiʻi Creole becomes more like English (a donor language), mostly maintaining its grammatical structure but taking on more and more English words over time.
What is decreolization?
This country recognizes Spanish and all 36 indigenous languages as its official languages. In 2006, it elected its first indigenous president.
What is Bolivia?
This Palmyrene man dedicated a bilingual tombstone (in Latin and Palmyrene, an Aramaic dialect) for his wife, Regina.
Who is Barates?
This Syriac-Chinese bilingual slab of stone dated back to 781 AD (Tang Dynasty), when Monk Alopen reached China via the Silk Road.
What is the Nestorian Stele?
This language was used by the Minoans/Cretans back in the Bronze Age. It is far less understood by archaeologists and linguists compared to its derivative. Recently, a scholar began cracking its code.
What is Linear A?
This concept assumes that native speaker is not the model for language learning, and that there is no need to achieve high proficiency in a language. It refers to developing and using languages according to necessity without the need for full fluency.
What is plurilingualism?
Known as “cram schools” in Japan today, this type of institution of learning dated back to around the Nara Period (8th century) but rapidly increased during the Tokugawa (or Edo) period (15th century to 17th century).
What are juku?
This woman was adopted by the Comanche people at age 10. She was fully assimilated into the tribal culture and eventually married the Comanche chieftain.
Who is Cynthia Ann Parker?
This Codex consisted of pictograms that portrayed the migration history of the Aztecs from Atzlán to their new home “Tenochtitlán“ (present-day Mexico City). It was drawn on amatl (fig bark).
What is the Codex Boturini?
This Portuguese-based creole language has elements from Cantonese, Malay, and Sinhala. It is currently critically endangered with about 50 speakers left as of 2020.
What is Macanese?
This concept is the psycholinguistic equivalent of the sociolinguistic idea of a repertoire of languages. Unlike the traditional, binary view of L1 and L2, this concept proposes that languages are not separate in mind; rather, they influence each other.
What is multi-competence?
During this era, home education was supplemented by formal schooling (known as “education of the perfect orator”). Its emphasis lies on literacy, the arts of rhetoric, philosophy, history, and statecraft. This period produced many figures who were considered good men who were “skilled in speaking”
What is the Hellenistic Era?
This grammarian, also known as “the father of linguistics,” codified extensive rules of Sanskrit grammar & phonetics into symbols and synthesized them into rhyming sutras so that it could be memorized. His work is called Ashtadhyayi.
Who is Pāṇini?
The name of this scripture means “knowledge”. It was passed down orally for generations from masters to students through memorization (forwards and backwards), with special attention paid to accurate pronunciation in order to keep the original heard meaning. It was transformed into writing c. 1500-500.
What is the Vedas?
This language used by the Mycenaean Greek (1400-1100 BCE) contained 200 signs. It was deciphered by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick in the 1950s.
What is Linear B?