-isms
One of the prevailing art movements of the entire nineteenth century, encompassing an interest in nature and magic, autobiography, and intense emotions, especially love and torment
Romanticism
German songs, usually for voice and piano, that combined music with poetry
Lieder
Beethoven was inspired by, and originally dedicated his third symphony to, this French revolutionary figure?
Napoleon Bonaparte
This instrument was increasingly common in middle-class households in the 19th century, and was seen as a marker of social status
Piano
This morally dubious character is the subject of both a Mozart opera, and a Richard Strauss tone poem
Don Juan/Don Giovanni
General term for music, art, and literature from the late nineteenth century through the twentieth century whose creators sought to offer something new and distinctive while maintaining strong links to past classics
Modernism
In an opera or film score: a motive, theme, or musical idea associated with a person, thing, mood, or idea, which returns in original or altered form throughout the work
Leitmotiv
A geographically-bounded community who share a territory and a relatively uniform and continuous culture
Nation
This late nineteenth century genre was originally dance music, and is most strongly characterized by a syncopated rhythm, presented against a march-like bass.
Ragtime
This composer's output is generally divided up into three creative "periods"--setting a precedent for composer biographies of others like Arnold Schoenberg and Igor Stravinsky
Ludwig van Beethoven
This style of visual art, which uses thin visible brush strokes to depict the passing of time, changing light, and sensory impressions, is also associated with Claude Debussy
Impressionism
A vocal technique halfway between speech and singing, famously used by Arnold Schoenberg in his cabaret piece Pierrot Lunaire
Sprechstimme
This opera by Benjamin Britten was controversial in its reception for many reasons, including that it implicated the public in the wrong actions of an individual, and also invited sympathy with a child abuser
Peter Grimes
The popular nineteenth-century operatic style that encompassed seemingly effortless technique, an equally beautiful tone throughout a singer's entire range, agility, flexibility, control, long, lyrical lines, and florid embellishment
Bel canto
This composer often incorporated techniques of earlier musical periods into his compositions, as demonstrated by his use of baroque ground bass in the finale of his Symphony No. 4
Johannes Brahms
One of the leading styles of art music in the late twentieth century, in which materials are reduced and procedures simplified as much as possible so that what is "going on" in the music is immediately apparent
Minimalism
Wagner's vision for a "total artwork" in which every aspect of the drama--music, staging, libretto, costuming, location, acting--was under the same leadership and worked toward a unified goal
Gesamstkunstwerk
This composer was relatively obscure during his lifetime but would become an important American national symbol during the early years of the Cold War, because he was thought to represent the American values of individualism, hard work, and being self-made
Charles Ives
This composer was primarily a touring performer with an intense following: his fans collected memorabilia, wore his portrait, and kept his coffee grounds and locks of his hair.
Franz Liszt
Romantic composer Franz Schubert was well known for having the piano "act out" one of the characters in a piece of Lied. This twentieth-century composer used the same technique in the song, "The Monk and His Cat"
Samuel Barber
A central value in Romantic art that thinks of a whole work “growing” or “unfolding” from a single “seed”
Organicism
The main charaacters of Carl Maria von Weber’s opera Der Freischütz (and the reason it was so popular among German nationalists of the time)
das Volk
Largely a reaction AGAINST Romanticism and Modernism that embraced earlier musical forms, genres, and styles, this musical movement was also a response to the horrors of World War I
Neoclassicism
By the last decades of the twentieth century, jazz was being showcased in museums and performed in exclusive concert halls, taught in conservatories, and performed by historically-inspired ensembles, suggesting that its “status” had shifted to that of
Art music
German writer Franz Brendel framed this as a series of advancements toward "freedom"--setting the precedent for how we talk about it in our culture to this day
Music history