Anterior/lateral lower leg
Tibialis anterior
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR Attachments: P: lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane (IOM) D: medial and plantar surface of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal Action: ankle dorsiflexion and inversion NS: deep fibular nerve
Iliacus
ILIACUS Attachments: P: superior 2/3 of iliac fossa, ala of sacrum and sacroiliac ligaments D: lesser trochanter of femur Action: hip flexion and stabilise hip NS: femoral nerve
Gastrocnemius
GASTROCNEMIUS Attachments: Proximal: Lateral head: lateral condyle of femur Medial head: posterior surface of femur, superior to medial condyle Distal: calcaneal tendon – posterior surface of calcaneus Action: knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion NS: tibial nerve
Fib longus
FIBULARIS LONGUS Attachments: P: head and superior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula D: plantar surface of base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform Action: ankle eversion and plantarflexion NS: superficial fibular nerve
Gluteus maximus
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS Attachments: P: dorsal sacrum and coccyx, erector spinae aponeurosis, posterior ilium, and sacrotuberous ligament D: via the iliotibial band and superior portion of posterior femur Action: hip extension and lateral rotation NS: inferior gluteal nerve
Adductor longus
ADDUCTOR LONGUS Attachments: P: pubis D: middle 1/3 of linea aspera of femur/posterior vertical line of femur Action: hip adduction NS: obturator nerve
Soleus
SOLEUS Attachments: P: posterior aspect of head of fibula, soleal line, and middle 1/3 of medial border of tibia D: calcaneal tendon – posterior surface of calcaneus Action: ankle plantarflexion NS: tibial nerve
Extensor digitorum longus
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS Attachments: P: lateral condyle of tibia, superior surface of fibula and IOM D: dorsum of middle and distal phalanges 2-5 Action: ankle dorsiflexion and extension of digits 2-5 NS: deep fibular nerve
PSOAS MAJOR Attachments: P: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae; sides of bodies of vertebrae T12-L5 and IV discs in between D: lesser trochanter of femur Action: hip/trunk flexion NS: anterior rami of lumbar nerves L1-L3
Flexor hallucis longus
Attachments: P: posterior surface of fibula and inferior IOM D: plantar surface distal phalanx of hallux (big toe) Action: flexion of hallux, weak ankle plantarflexion NS: tibial nerve
Fib brevis
FIBULARIS BREVIS Attachments: P: inferior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula D: lateral surface of base of 5th metatarsal Action: ankle eversion and plantarflexion NS: superficial fibular nerve
TFL
TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE (TFL) Attachments: P: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and anterior part of iliac crest D: via the iliotibial band which attaches to the anterolateral tubercle of the tibia (Gerdy’s tubercle) Action: hip flexion, abduction and medial rotation Function: keeps ipsilateral pelvis level when standing on one leg NS: superior gluteal nerve
Adductor magnus
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS Attachments: P Adductor Part: pubis and ramus of ischium P Hamstring Part: ischial tuberosity D Adductor Part : linea aspera (vertical line posterior femur), medial supracondylar line D Hamstring Part: adductor tubercle of femur Action: hip adduction and extension NS: adductor part= obturator nerve, hamstring part = tibial part of sciatic nerve
Tibialis posterior
TIBIALIS POSTERIOR Attachments: P: interosseous membrane (IOM), posterior surface of tibia and fibula D: tuberosity of navicular and across the plantar surface of the foot (cuneiform, cuboid, calcaneum) to the base of 2nd-4th metatarsals Action: ankle plantarflexion and inversion NS: tibial nerve
FIBULARIS TERTIUS Attachments: P: inferior anterior surface of fibula and IOM D: dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal Action: ankle dorsiflexion and eversion NS: deep fibular nerve
GLUTEUS MEDIUS Attachments: P: external surface of ilium D: lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur Action: hip extension (posterior fibres), abduction, medial rotation (anterior fibres) Function: keeps ipsilateral pelvis level when standing on one leg NS: superior gluteal nerve
Semitendinosus vs semimembranosus
SEMITENDINOSUS Attachments: P: ischial tuberosity D: anterior surface of medial condyle of tibia Action: hip extension and knee flexion and medial rotation NS: tibial division of sciatic nerve
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS Attachments: P: ischial tuberosity D: posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia Action: hip extension and knee flexion NS: tibial division of sciatic nerve
Popliteus
POPLITEUS Attachments: P: lateral condyle of femur D: posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line Action: “unlocks knee” through rotation, weak flexor. NS: tibial nerve