Muscle Tissue
Name the 3 types of muscle, including whether they are involuntary or voluntary.
What are smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles.
What are: involuntary for smooth and cardiac + voluntary for skeletal.
What is needed in order for a muscle contraction to occur?
What is a stimulus, calcium, and ATP
What is the name of the hormone the heart produces? (hint: it's antagonistic to aldosterone)
What is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
List the order of the conduction system for the heart.
Also, give me the primary pacemaker and the name of the cells which initiate heartbeat.
What is: SA node>AV node> AV bundle (left and right bundles)> Purkinje fibers
What is the SA node as primary pacemakerWhat is the nodal cells that initiate heartbeat
Give another name for contraction and relaxation
What is systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)
Name the properties of muscle tissue
What are: excitability, contractility, elasticity, and extensibility.
Which structures within a sarcomere disappear during a contraction? Which ones remain the same?
For contraction, what are: sarcomere, H-zone, and I-band
The same, what are: z-disk, A-band, M-line
Give the route of how blood is circulated.
What is: start from SVC and IVC> right atrium> right ventricle> pulmonary semilunar valve> pulmonary arteries> lungs> pulmonary veins> left atrium> left ventricle> aortic semilunar valve
What happens after nodal cells fire?
A threshold is reached (the slow-gated Na channels open)
Depolarization (fast-voltage gated Ca channels open to allow influx)
Repolarization (Ca channels close and voltage-gated K channels open to allow eflux of K)
what happens when atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure? what about vice versa?
when atrial>ventricular, what is the AV valves opens. vice versa, what is the AV valves close.
Give me the layers of muscle (from superficial to deep)
Can you also give the order of skeletal muscle organization?
What are: epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.
What is: muscle, fascicles, muscle fiber (myofiber), myofibrils, myofilametnts, acting and myosin
What are myosin (thick) and actin (thin)
What are the two types of pulmonary circulation?
What are pulmonary (carries deoxy blood to lungs) and systemic circulation (oxygenated blood to cells)
Why is the refractory period important?
What is to allow more Ca to enter cell in order to prolong depolarization, prevent tetany, and to allow increased strength during contraction.
This happens when preload and contractility go up while afterload goes down. what happens if afterload goes up?
What is a greater EDV, lower ESV, and greater stroke volume.
For afterload, what is a lower stroke volume and greater ESV
This structure is where the motor neuron comes into close proximity to the muscle fiber.
What is the NMJ
A t-tubule and terminal cisternae form?
What is a triad
What are the differences between an insufficient valve and a stenotic valve?
What are blood regurgitation (cusps not closing tightly) and valve cusps not opening completely.
Someone draw an EKG including the waves and segments. Also, explain what occurs during each wave.
What are: P-wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarization), T-wave (ventricular repolarization), PQ segment (atria contracting) ST segment (ventricles contracting), PR interval, QT interval
What 3 factors influence stroke volume
preload, contractility, and afterload.
What are the structures within a sarcomere?
What are: z-disk, M line, A band, I band, H-zone, thin filaments, thick filaments
List the steps of how a muscle contraction occurs.
What is: AP travels down a neuron
ACh is released
Depolarization of the sarcolemma
Wave of depolarization travels down t-tubules
Wave comes in contact with SR which releases Ca
Ca binds to troponin
Troponin causes tropomyosin to uncover actin binding sites
Myosin with ATP head is hydrolyzed
Myosin head binds to active site
Pi is released from myosin head to pull actin and myosin past each other
ADP is discarded and a new ATP binds.
Ca is resequestered back to SR
True or False: S1 is the closing of the semilunar valves and S2 is the closing of the AV valves
What is..... False
What types of abnormal heart problems are there?
What are atrial/ventricular fibrillation, heart blocks (1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree blocks)
compare systemic edema vs. pulmonary edema
what is malfunction of right ventricle for systemic (blood in systemic circulation)
what is malfunction of left ventricle for pulmonary (swelling and fluid in lungs)