Ancient vs. Modern Science
This Roman doctor's theory about blood circulation was accepted for 1500 years.
Galen
How many seconds should you count your pulse for, according to the Method section?
15 seconds
What is the general term for an artificial part that replaces a missing body part?
a prosthesis (or prosthetic)
This type of question asks about how things work and can be answered with experiments.
a scientific question
What is the term for a tentative explanation that scientists often test using experiments?
a hypothesis
If a person's pulse is 65 beats per minute, how many times does their heart beat in 15 seconds?
16 or 16.25 beats
What type of ancient Egyptian replacement part is shown in Photo A of "Artificial Limbs"?
a toe prosthesis (or a big toe)
"Are parts of a taxi driver's brain bigger than average?" is an example of what type of question?
a scientific question
William Harvey demonstrated that the heart acts as this, not just mixing blood.
a pump
If the volume of the heart's left chamber is $130 \, \text{cm}^3$, and it falls to half when the heart contracts, how much blood is pumped out in one beat?
$65 \, \text{cm}^3$
What is the purpose of criteria when designing and evaluating a prosthetic model?
They are the specific things (comfort, allowed movements, etc.) the prosthetic must do well, used to evaluate the design.
"Should William Harvey have killed animals for his experiments?" is an example of what type of question?
an ethical question?
What prediction did Harvey make about blood circulation that challenged Galen's view?
That blood flows through a system of circulation (or that it is pumped from the heart and returns to the heart), rather than being used up by the liver and the heart.
What is the purpose of multiplying the 15-second pulse count by four?
To calculate the pulse rate per minute.
In addition to being strong and light, what other quality must a good artificial limb possess?
being comfortable (or allowing the person to move parts of their body again)
Which of the following is an ethical question: A) Do roses smell nicer than freesia flowers? or B) Does exercise affect your pulse rate?
A) Do roses smell nicer than freesia flowers? (It's about people's opinion/what they think, while B is scientific)
What structures, discovered later by Malpighi, proved Harvey's theory of blood circulation?
capillaries
Calculate the volume of blood (in $\text{cm}^3$) Harvey's heart pumps each hour if the heart rate is 65 beats per minute, and $65 \, \text{cm}^3$ is pumped out per beat.
$253,500 \, \text{cm}^3$
What is one way a modern, sophisticated artificial arm can be controlled, besides mechanical cables?
using electrical switches, computer control, or thoughts/understanding the nervous system
Identify the two types of scientific questions mentioned in the text that cannot yet be answered due to a lack of technology or enough experiments.
questions that we do not yet have the right technology for and questions that we have not done enough experiments for (e.g., "What do the newly discovered MSC cells do in the heart?")