Musculoskeletal
Name the 3 types of muscles
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
Name an antagonistic pair
bicep + tricep
State the function of blood
transport between all body systems, transports oxygen around the body, transport carbon dioxide and other waste products, maintains the pH of body fluids, distributes heat or body temperature, maintains water content and ion concentration
Define systole and diastole
systole: Pumping phase, Heart muscle Is contracting, Occurs in 2 parts Atrial systole: Atria contract, forcing remaining blood into ventricle. Ventricular Systole Ventricle contract forcing blood into arteries This causes Atrioventricular valves (AV) to shut and Semilunar valves (SL) to open.
Diastole:Filling phase, Heart muscle is relaxed, Atrioventricular valves are open, Semilunar valves are closed, Blood from atria flow to ventricle.
What diffuses in and out in the alveoli
Oxygen diffuses in, carbon dioxide diffuses out
Name the properties of all muscles
-Contractibility- Ability to shorten, Reduce distance between parts that are connected, Decrease the space they surround
-Extensibility, Ability to be stretched,
-Elasticity, Ability to return to original length after being stretched
What macroscopic structures are within a long bone?
•Diaphysis
•Epiphyses
•Periosteum
What is the formation of blood?
plasma, erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leucocytes
State the role of heart valves
•Between the atria and ventricles are atrioventricular valves: Flaps of thin tissue, edges held together by tendons called chordae tendineae, attached to heart on papillary muscles
How does the structure of the trachea helps it's function?
the c-shaped cartilage rings keep it structured, and open. Allowing constant airflow
features of cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle
- cardiac: heart muscle, involuntary, striated, uninucleate, intercalated discs
-skeletal: attached to skeleton, voluntary (under conscious control), striated, multinucleate
-smooth: found in blood vessels and internal organs, involuntary, non-striated, uninucleate
Compact bone is made of units called
Osteons
State how the structure of Erythrocytes is functional for the transfer of oxygen
small biconcave discs, contains haemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. No nucleus to increase surface area allowing for more oxygen to be transported
What is the differences between the left and right side of the heart?
•Right atrium received blood from body and passes to right ventricle
•Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
•Left atrium receives blood from lungs and passes to left ventricle
•Left ventricle pumps blood to body
Key structural features of Alveoli
1 cell thick wall, surrounded by capillaries, moist, high surface area, secrete surfunctant
Structure of skeletal muscle
long cylinder with many nuclei, cell membrane is called a sarcolemma, cytoplasm called sarcoplasm, myofibrils lay parallel to eachother
The 3 types of cartilage are
Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Features of Arteries
carry blood away from the heart, thick muscular (smooth muscle) elastic walls, fluctuating blood pressure depends on relaxing and contracting of the heart, arteries turn into arterioles
Name each blood type and state their antigens and antibodies
Group A- antibody= anti B, antigen = A antigen
Group B- antibody= anti A, antigen = B antigen
Group AB- antibody= none, antigen= A and B antigens
Group O- antibody= anti A and anti B, antigen= none
What is the pathway of air from the external environment to the alveoli
nose->pharynx->trachea->bronchus->bronchioles->alveoli
Structure of myofibril
made of protein, made of small myofilaments: thick filaments (myosin), thin filaments (actin). which are apart of the sarcomere
Name and describe the 3 types of joints
Synovial: Freely moveable, Movement is limited by ligaments, muscles, tendons and adjoining bones.
Cartilaginous: slight movement, held in place by cartilige
Fibrous: no movement between the bones, held in place by fibrous connective tissue, strong
Structural features of veins
carry blood towards the heart, thin, inelastic walls, constant flow of blood pressure (heart pumping does not impact vein pressure), veins contain valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards, skeletal muscles help 'squeeze' blood into veins
State the pathway of blood through the heart
1.Deoxygenated blood enters Right Atrium through inferior and superior vena cave
2.Travels through tricuspid valve (AV) and enters right ventricle.
3.RV sends blood out of the heart via pulmonary valve (semilunar valve), through the pulmonary arteries
4.Blood goes to lungs where it is oxygenated
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5.Blood returns to left atrium via pulmonary vein
6.Travels thogh bicuspid valve (AV) into the left ventricle
7.Left ventricle sends blood through the aortic valve (SL) and out the aorta
8.Oxygenated blood is transported throughout the body
Process of inhalation
1.the diaphragm contracts and moves down
2.the ribs move up and out
3.Intercostal muscles contract
4.Volume increases in the chest cavity
5.Air pressure in the lungs is reduced, compared to atmospheric pressure
6.Air is bought into the lungs due to the pressure difference between the 2 environments