Pathophysiology
What happens to the muscle fibers during a strain, such as in Alex's case?
Muscle fibers are overstretched or torn, causing inflammation, pain, and potential loss of function.
What are classic symptoms of a muscle strain?
Sudden pain, a “pop” sensation, and tenderness and bruising are classic symptoms.
In Alex’s case, what tests can help confirm a hamstring strain?
MRI, X-ray
What is the medical management for Alex's hamstring strain during the first 48–72 hours?
RICE protocol (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation)
What should Alex do to prevent re-injury after recovering from a hamstring strain?
Gradually reintroduce physical activity after full recovery and complete a structured rehabilitation program
What causes the instability in Maria’s ankle after her fall?
Instability occurs because the lateral ligaments of the ankle are partially or fully torn, compromising joint support.
What symptoms indicate a complete ligament tear in a sprain?
Severe bruising and inability to bear any weight indicate a complete ligament tear.
What is the initial imaging test recommended for ankle sprains like Maria’s to rule out fractures?
X-rays are recommended to rule out fractures, especially in cases of severe pain or deformity.
What pain management intervention can Maria use in the first 24 hours following her ankle sprain?
Cold therapy (applying ice for 15–20 minutes every 2–3 hours)
Why should Maria avoid walking on her injured ankle without support?
because walking without support risks further ligament damage or chronic instability
Describe the physiological bruising process observed in Alex’s and Maria’s injuries.
Bruising occurs as blood vessels are damaged, leading to blood leakage into surrounding tissues, which is visible as discoloration.
What symptoms might indicate an avulsion injury in a muscle strain?
Severe pain, visible deformity, and inability to move the leg might indicate an avulsion injury where the tendon pulls off a piece of bone.
When can Alex begin gentle stretching exercises for his hamstring strain?
When acute pain and swelling subside, typically after 48–72 hours, with medical approval.
What symptoms should Alex monitor for that could indicate complications in his hamstring injury?
Increased swelling, severe pain, or inability to move the leg, as these could indicate complications
What is the most important key difference between the pathophysiology of a muscle strain and a ligament sprain?
What does joint instability in a sprain suggest?
Instability suggests a more severe sprain with potential ligament tear, leading to compromised joint support.
How should a compression bandage be applied to Maria’s ankle to avoid complications?
The bandage should be applied snugly but not tightly to avoid restricting circulation, and check for signs of impaired blood flow.
Why is it important for Maria to avoid putting weight on her injured ankle too soon after the sprain?
To prevent further injury to the ligaments and avoid worsening the instability of the ankle joint during the healing process
"Alex felt a 'pop' in his hamstring during a sprint, followed by sharp pain, swelling, and bruising. Based on his symptoms, identify the grade of strain he likely has.
Alex likely has a Grade III strain. This is often characterized by the 'pop' sound, complete tearing of muscle fibers, significant pain, swelling, bruising, and some functional loss.