Social Psychology
What are the three components of attitudes?
Cognitive, affective, and behavioral
What is the difference between personal and situational attributions?
Personal attribution explains behavior due to internal traits; situational explains it due to external factors
What are implicit and explicit social norms?
Implicit norms are unspoken rules; explicit norms are openly communicated
What are the Five Ds of abnormal behavior?
Distress, dysfunction, deviance, danger, duration
What is cognitive restructuring?
A CBT technique to change negative thought patterns
What is cognitive dissonance?
The mental discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs or behaviors
What is self-serving bias?
Attributing successes to oneself and failures to external factors
What was the Stanford Prison Experiment about?
It demonstrated how social roles and situational pressures can lead to behavior changes
Explain the diathesis-stress model.
Mental disorders develop from a genetic predisposition combined with environmental stress
What is the goal of exposure therapy?
To reduce fear by gradually exposing a person to the source of fear
Define in-group vs out-group
In-group is a group with which one identifies; out-group is a group one does not identify with
Define actor/observer discrepancy.
The tendency to attribute our own actions to situations and others' actions to their dispositions
What is groupthink?
The desire for harmony in a group leading to irrational decision-making
How is generalized anxiety different from a phobia?
Generalized anxiety is chronic and not linked to a specific object; phobia is intense fear of a specific object or situation
What is active listening in client-centered therapy?
The therapist listens attentively and reflects back what the client says without judgment
What is stereotype threat and how does it affect performance?
The fear of confirming a negative stereotype can impair performance
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
A prediction that indirectly causes itself to become true, primarily due to the expectations and beliefs of the individual or group making the prediction
What did Asch's conformity research show?
People often conform to group pressure even when the group is clearly wrong
What are the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive: hallucinations, delusions; Negative: flat affect, lack of motivation
Name the four major classes of medications for psychological disorders and what they treat.
Anxiolytics (anxiety), antidepressants (depression), mood stabilizers (bipolar), antipsychotics (schizophrenia)
Compare the central and peripheral routes of persuasion
Central route uses logical arguments and facts; peripheral route relies on superficial cues like attractiveness
What is deindividuation?
Loss of self-awareness in group situations, leading to impulsive actions
What did Milgram’s study demonstrate?
People will obey authority figures even to the extent of harming others
What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?
A disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities
Why can't medication be the only treatment for mental disorders?
Medication may not address underlying psychological issues, and therapy helps build coping strategies