Age of Exploration & Columbian Exchange
100 — Motives summarized as "God, Gold, and Glory."
What are motives for European exploration?
100 — Proposed the heliocentric model of the universe in 1543.
Who is Coperniucs?
100 — Slogan summarizing colonial grievance against British taxation.
What is "No Taxation Without Representation"?
100 — Haitian leader who led enslaved people to successful revolt.
Who is Toussaint L’Ouverture?
100 — The process shifting production from hand tools to machines and factories.
What is the Industrial Revolution?
100 — Why industrial nations sought colonies (two-word economic motive).
What are raw materials and markets?
200 — Ship type that improved long-distance sea travel for explorers.
What is the caravel?
200 — Philosopher who argued for natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
Who is John Locke?
200 — 1776 document asserting colonies’ independence and natural rights.
What is the Declaration of Independence?
200 — The 1808 event that weakened Spanish control and opened the door for Latin American independence.
What is Napoleon’s invasion of Spain?
200 — Invention that revolutionized textile production in the 1760s (spinning device).
What is the spinning jenny?
200 — This late-19th-century process intensified European control of Africa and Asia.
What is the Scramble for Africa (New Imperialism)?
300 — This exchange reshaped crops, animals, and diseases between Old and New Worlds.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
300 — This scientist’s laws of motion and universal gravitation helped explain a "clockwork universe."
300 — 1781 battle that effectively ended major fighting in the American Revolution.
What is the Battle of Yorktown?
300 — Social hierarchy in Spanish colonies that ranked people by birthplace and race.
What is the Castas System?
300 — System of privatizing common land that displaced rural workers in Britain.
What are the Enclosure Acts (enclosures)?
300 — How railroads and steamships changed global trade and migration patterns (short effect).
What is reduced travel time and expanded trade/migration (via railroads and steamships)?
400 — He completed the first circumnavigation of the globe (expedition 1519–22).
Who is Magellan?
400 — Thinker who argued for separation of powers influencing modern constitutions.
Who is Montesquieu?
400 — 1789 event when Parisian crowds stormed a symbol of royal authority.
What is the Bastille?
400 — South American liberator who aimed to unite northern South America (Gran Colombia).
Who is Simón Bolívar?
400 — Crowded, poor-quality housing in rapidly industrializing cities.
What are tenements?
400 — Name one consequence of the demand for raw materials on colonized regions.
What are resource extraction and economic dependency (on colonial powers)?
500 — One major effect of European colonial empires on indigenous populations.
What is the spread of disease and population decline among indigenous peoples?
500 — Enlightenment economic thinker who advocated free markets (author of Wealth of Nations).
Who is Adam Smith?
500 — This 1793 event marked the radical phase of the French Revolution, including many executions.
What is the Reign of Terror?
500 — A diplomatic or military way Haiti supported independence movements in the region (name one example).
What is Haitian support for independence movements (military or diplomatic aid)?
500 — Mid‑19th century laws in Britain that began to limit child labor and factory hours.
What are the Factory Acts?
500 — Explain briefly how industrialization increased economic inequality between core industrial nations and periphery suppliers.
What are unequal trade terms and export dependency that increased inequality between industrial core nations and peripheral suppliers?