Infection
What is the most common mode of transmission for hospital-acquired infections?
Contact transmission
Which system activates the "fight or flight" response?
Sympathetic nervous system
What are the classic signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
What type of immunity is provided by vaccines?
Active acquired immunity
What lab value indicates anemia?
Low hemoglobin (Hgb)
Category: Immunology
Question: Name the 3 lines of defense in the immune system.
1st: Physical barriers (skin/mucosa), 2nd: Inflammation/innate immunity, 3rd: Adaptive immunity (T and B cells)
Name one sign of systemic infection.
Fever, chills, increased WBC count, malaise
What hormone increases blood glucose during stress?
Cortisol
Which blood test is a non-specific marker for inflammation?
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Which cell is primarily responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
T lymphocyte (T cell)
What is the function of platelets?
Blood clotting
What lab value is most often elevated in infection?
White blood cell count (WBC)
Name one non-pharmacologic technique to reduce stress.
Deep breathing, meditation, exercise, or guided imagery
What is the role of neutrophils in inflammation?
First responders; engulf pathogens via phagocytosis
What is an example of passive immunity?
Antibodies from mother to baby via placenta or breast milk
Name a cause of iron-deficiency anemia.
Chronic blood loss, poor dietary intake, malabsorption
What is the primary intervention to prevent infection spread in clinical settings?
Hand hygiene
Chronic stress increases the risk for which cardiovascular condition?
Hypertension
What causes pain during inflammation?
Release of chemical mediators like prostaglandins and bradykinin
What is the purpose of immunosuppressive drugs in transplantation?
DAILY DOUBLE!
To prevent organ rejection by suppressing immune response
What is neutropenia?
Low neutrophil count, increasing infection risk
What PPE is needed for airborne precautions?
N95 respirator, gown, gloves, goggles/face shield
What is an example of eustress?
Getting a promotion, having a baby, getting married, etc.
Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation.
Acute: short duration, rapid onset; Chronic: long-lasting, may lead to tissue damage
Name one autoimmune disease.
Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, etc.
What is the treatment for sickle cell crisis?
Hydration, oxygen, pain management, and rest