People I
British general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.
Duke of Wellington
Peasants who were legally tied to the land. They paid rent, provided labor, and were under the lord’s control.
serfs
A sect of Buddhism that became popular in Japan which teaches that there are different paths to enlightenment.
Zen
Artistic technique that gives the effect of 3-dimensional depth on a 2-dimensional surface.
perspective
Devastating the property and agriculture of an area before abandoning it to an advancing enemy
scorched-earth policy
The female Japanese author of the Pillow Book.
Sei Shonagon
A Jacobin lawyer who became the architect of the Reign of Terror.
Robespierre
Armed cavalry who supported a lord or vassal.
knights
The strict warrior code by which the samurai lived.
Bushido
Nobility, i.e. dukes, barons, and lords.
aristocrats
Members of the middle class who lived in a city or town.
burghers
French queen intensely disliked by the French
Marie Antoinette
Russian commander who devised scorched-earth policy & fought Napoleon to a draw at Borodino
Mikhail Kutuzov
This is a grant of land to a vassal.
fief
Japanese word for “those who serve”; warriors similar to the knights of medieval Europe
samurai
A sudden overthrow of the government.
coup d'etat
Promotion within Napoleon’s new bureaucracy was based on
ability only, not rank or birth
Who was the 1st Christian emperor of Rome
Constantine
His seizure of power ended the French Revolution.
Napoleon
This was a contest where knights could show their fighting skills.
tournament
The most radical & revolutionary of the political groups formed after the French Revolution.
Jacobins
Machine with a heavy blade sliding vertically in grooves used for beheading people.
guillotine
Soldiers who fight for money.
mercenaries
Who is the Jewish prophet whose message of social justice is the basis of Christianity?
Jesus
This ruler unified Japan for the first time and worked to limit the power of the aristocrats.
Shotoku Taishi
An agricultural estate that was managed by a lord and worked by peasants.
manor
A person qualified to vote in the elections under the Constitution of 1795.
elector
What were the intensive Chinese examinations used for?
civil service positions
Subjects like history, moral philosophy, math, astronomy, and music.
liberal studies
Who is the founder of Islam?
Muhammad