National vs. Regional Innovation
Innovation clusters boost economic growth in regions such as this U.S tech hub.
What is Silicon Valley?
Companies protect their competitive advantage by using this legal mechanism to prevent others from copying their inventions.
What is a patent?
Beugelsdijk (2007) highlights that risk-taking, independence, and creativity are key aspects of this cultural phenomenon.
What is entrepreneurial culture?
When multinational corporations conduct research across multiple countries, they contribute to this global phenomenon. (three-letter acronym)
What is the global innovation system?
Innovation ecosystems thrive when companies, universities, and governments work together in what is called this three-part model.
What is the Triple Helix model?
Freeman (2002) argues that national innovation success depends on collaboration between firms, research institutions, and this key policymaker.
What is the government?
Penrose (1973) argues that international patent systems primarily benefit these types of countries.
What are industrialized nations?
Freeman (2002) suggests that some nations rely on strong state intervention to drive innovation, a model best exemplified by this East Asian country.
What is South Korea?
The ongoing debate between strong patent protections and technology-sharing flexibility is often discussed in this global trade organization.
What is the WTO?
Beugelsdijk (2007) found that regional innovation hubs often grow faster than their national economies due to this type of network effect.
What is clustering?
Regions with a strong entrepreneurial culture tend to have higher levels of this key economic indicator.
What is GDP growth?
Spencer (2003) notes that firms often rely on cross-border strategic alliances to balance innovation with this business necessity.
What is competitive advantage?
Beugelsdijk (2007) identifies this European city—home to a strong startup scene—as "Europe’s Silicon Valley."
What is Berlin?
Many innovation economists argue that government R&D subsidies are justified because they correct this type of market failure.
What is underinvestment/underinvestment in innovation?
Freeman (2002) argues that some national economies grow faster due to strong linkages between public research institutions and this type of private entity.
What are multinational corporations?
This concept, emphasized by Freeman (2002), describes the way continental, national, and regional innovation efforts reinforce one another.
What is Complementarity?
According to Spencer (2003), high-tech firms selectively share knowledge while protecting sensitive information through this strategy.
What is selective knowledge disclosure?
Entrepreneurial regions thrive when they have dense networks that allow informal exchange of ideas, often referred to as this.
What is social capital?
Spencer (2003) describes how firms in high-tech industries navigate these two opposing strategies—one that welcomes external collaboration and one that keeps innovation internal.
What are open innovation and closed innovation?
In the study of economic geography, these geographically concentrated areas of specialized industries drive regional innovation and attract talent.
What are industrial districts?
The European Union's flagship innovation program, designed to boost regional innovation across member states, is known as this.
What is Horizon Europe?
Penrose (1973) warns that strong patent protection can limit this process, where developing countries legally modify foreign technologies.
What is reverse engineering?
Some scholars argue that entrepreneurial culture is shaped not just by economic incentives but also by this broader historical and institutional factor.
What is path dependence?
Some governments attempt to boost local innovation by requiring foreign firms to transfer technology to domestic firms as part of trade agreements. This policy is known as what?
What is technology transfer?
Some scholars argue that venture capital availability plays a crucial role in fueling high levels of startup growth in regions like Silicon Valley. What type of investment is this?
What is risk capital?