American Revolution
What country controlled the 13 American colonies before the American Revolution?
Great Britain
Who was the king of France when the French Revolution began?
King Louis XVI
What was Haiti called when it was a French colony?
Saint-Domingue
Which two European countries controlled most of Latin America before independence?
Spain and Portugal
What intellectual movement promoted ideas of natural rights, liberty, and equality that helped inspire revolutions?
The Enlightenment
What did the American colonists mean by "No taxation without representation"?
Colonists believed it was unfair to be taxed by Britain without having representatives in Parliament.
Which of the three Estates included common people and paid most of France's taxes?
Third Estate
What two valuable crops were produced in Saint-Domingue using enslaved labor?
Sugar and coffee
What were Creoles in Latin American society?
People of European descent who were born in the Americas.
Which two revolutions helped inspire independence movements throughout Latin America?
The American and French Revolutions
Which Enlightenment thinker believed people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property?
John Locke
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
A promise by members of the National Assembly to create a new constitution for France.
In what year did enslaved Africans launch a major uprising that began the Haitian Revolution?
1791
Which priest began Mexico's independence movement in 1810?
Miguel Hidalgo
What was one major similarity between the causes of the American and French Revolutions?
Both involved people challenging unfair government authority and taxation.
What American victory in 1777 helped convince France to support the colonies?
Battle of Saratoga
Who led the Reign of Terror, when thousands of people were executed as suspected enemies of the revolution?
Maximilien Robespierre
Who was the major Haitian revolutionary leader who organized an army and fought against foreign forces?
Toussaint Louverture
Which revolutionary leader helped liberate Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and other regions?
Simón Bolívar
How were the goals of the Haitian Revolution different from those of the American Revolution?
The Haitian Revolution fought to end slavery and gain independence, while the American Revolution primarily fought for independence from British rule and self-government.
What was the purpose of creating three branches of government in the U.S. Constitution?
To prevent one person or group from gaining too much power.
How did Napoleon Bonaparte gain control of France in 1799?
He seized power through a military coup.
Who continued the Haitian Revolution after Louverture's capture, and what major achievement occurred in 1804?
Jean-Jacques Dessalines continued the fight, and Haiti gained independence from France, becoming the first independent Black republic in the modern world.
How did Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808 help independence movements in Latin America?
It weakened Spain's control over its colonies, giving colonists an opportunity to fight for independence.
Even after the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions, why was equality still a challenge?
Many groups continued to face unequal rights, discrimination, or political exclusion, even after revolutionary governments were established.