Big Ideas & Definitions
This Enlightenment idea argues that people are born with rights like life and liberty that governments cannot take away.
Natural Rights
American colonists protested this 1765 tax as an example of unfair imperial rule.
The Stamp Act
This revolution created a representative democracy but continued to allow slavery.
The American Revolution
This empire included Greeks, Armenians, Arabs, Kurds, Slavs, and Turks.
The Ottoman Empire
The readings show that revolutions often promised equality but delivered it unevenly based on this.
Race, class, ethnicity, or social status
These large political entities ruled over many different ethnic and religious groups before the rise of nation-states.
Empires (or multiethnic empires)
In France, this social group paid most taxes but had little political power.
The Third Estate
This revolution abolished feudalism and declared all citizens equal before the law.
The French Revolution
These 1848 uprisings spread ethnic nationalism across much of Europe.
The Revolutions of 1848
The past two readings suggest that nationalism can be a tool for liberation and a source of this.
Violence (or oppression)
This term describes the power of a people to govern themselves without outside control.
Sovereignty
In the Ottoman Empire, nationalist ideas spread largely through these networks.
Trade routes (or trade and ideas from Europe)
This revolution was led primarily by enslaved people fighting for racial equality.
The Haitian Revolution
Greek nationalists increasingly defined “true Greeks” by shared religion and this.
Language (or Orthodox Christianity + Greek language)
In Greece, ethnic nationalism targeted not only Ottomans but also these religious groups.
Muslims and Jews
A political state whose people believe they form a shared nation is known as this.
A nation-state
This global conflict left Britain and France deeply in debt, helping spark revolutionary unrest.
The Seven Years’ War
Of the three revolutions, this one most radically redefined who counted as fully human and equal.
The Haitian Revolution
Hungarian nationalism failed partly because minority groups feared exclusion from this kind of state.
A Hungarian nation-state
Ethnic nationalism helped unify people but also led to this outcome for those seen as outsiders.
Exclusion (or suspicion, violence, persecution)
According to the ethnic nationalism reading, ethnicity is partly real and partly this.
Imagined
Nationalist movements in Austria were influenced by ideas from this earlier revolutionary tradition.
The French Revolution (or Enlightenment nationalism)
This leader successfully resisted Napoleon and became central to Haitian independence.
Toussaint Louverture
German and Italian nationalists used newspapers, books, and these to build national identity.
Symbols (or shared culture/media)
While the French Revolution overthrew a king, German and Italian nationalism did this instead.
Created or elevated kings