Important Dates
Treaty of Vienna of ____
1815
Who was the architect of the Prussian movement of national unification?
The ideas of _______ and _______ emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under the constitution.
La patrie (the fatherland)
Le citoyen (the citizen)
Define "Suffrage"
The right to vote
Napoleon set up the German confederation of __ states
39
Which treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation? (with the year)
Treaty of Constantinople 1832
Guiseppe Mazzini formed a secret society named ______ for the dissemination of his goals
Young Itlay
The chancellor of which country made the following remark -
"When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches a cold"
Duke Metternich the chancellor of Austria
Which monarch refused the crown offered by the German nation
Friedrich Willhelm IV of Prussia
Who were the 3 main players in the unification of Italy?
Guiseppe Mazzini
Guiseppe Garibaldi and
Chief Minister Cavour
The liberals revolted on the year ____
1848
Prussia fought how many wars over 7 years and with whom?
3 wars over 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France
Define absolutism and explain how Liberty was personified by artists of the time of the French Revolution.
Absolutist - A government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised. It also refers to the form of monarchical government that was centralized, militarized, and repressive
Liberty - A female figure with the torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the rights of man in the other
Name 3 out of the 4 countries that collectively defeated Napoleon.
Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria
Elaborate on the Revolution of the Liberals in 1848
In many European countries in the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was underway. In parts of Europe men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles - a constitution, freedom of the press and freedomof association.
When was the Prussian king, William I proclaimed as the German Emporer
Define Allegory and mention how Germania was represented in visual forms.
Allegory - When an abstract idea is expressed through a person or a thing.
Germania - Germania was the allegory of the German nation, she typically wears a crown of oak leaves as they stand for heroism, and she also holds a sword and a German flag in her hand.
Elaborate on the Civil Code of 1804
- It did away with the privileges from birth and equality was established before the law
- Right to property was secured
- In other regions, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions and abolished feudal systems, and guild systems were also removed
How did language play an important role in keeping nationalistic sentiments alive in Poland?
When Poland was occupied by Russia, they forcefully removed the Polish language from schools and imposed their own language. Russian, everywhere. Later on, many members of the clergy started using Polish as a weapon of nationalist resistance. Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction. It became a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance.
Elaborate on the Greek struggle for independence.
Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
When were, Germany, Itlay, and Britain(Unification of Ireland) formed
Germany - 1871
Italy - 1861
Britain - 1801
Explain how the identities of people inhabiting the British isles differed and how did they eventually unite to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The identities of the people were ethnic ones - English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. As the English-speaking population grew both its wealth and power it extended its influence over the other regions of the islands. Soon the forcefully incorporated the other regions into the English Parliament.
Explain any 4 measures taken by the French revolutionaries that created a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
-The ideas of La patrie and Lo citoyen emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under the constitution.
- New French flag, the tricolor was chosen to represent the formal royal standard
- Estates general was elected with a body of active citizens and was renamed to the National Assembly
- A centralized administrative system was put in place
- Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a system of uniform weights was introduced
- Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation
Explain how the Balkan regions became an area of intense conflict.
The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others. Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. Each power - Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary - was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
Who was Guiseppe Mazzini?
Born in Genoa in 1807, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy, and the German states. Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.