Context/Causes 📝
What were the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole called by whites?
The "Five Civilized Tribes"
Who was the judge that decided that Georgia could not seize the land of Native Americans because they were a sovereign nation? (this was ignored by Jackson!)
John Marshall
Which main tribe was forced to move westward?
The Cherokee
Name two tribes other than the Cherokee that resisted removal.
The Sauk and Seminole
What was Jackson’s overall policy or opinion regarding Native Americans?
Jackson had always supported a policy of moving NA’s west of the Mississippi, as he viewed them as conquered subjects.
What did John Ross establish and what was Jackson's response to it?
John Ross established the Cherokee Gov. Jackson responded by creating removal treaties.
They marched in rain, snow, and other extreme conditions.
What substance was found in Native American Land that caused the white settlers to move into their land?
Gold
What was the Treaty of New Echota?
A treaty that led to the forced removal of the Cherokees from the east, and moved them to “Indian Territory,”
About what fraction of the population lost their lives during this journey?
About 1/4
Who was the Sauk Chief that led a band of NA's to take back their homelands?
Who invented the Cherokee writing system?
Sequoyah
What was the Indian Removal Act?
A congressional law that allowed the relocation of Native Americans that was signed by Jackson.
Who was the Cherokee Chief who was not in favor of signing the Treaty of New Echota, and he took a petition to Congress with 15,000 signatures to protest the Indian removal?
John Ross
What tactics did the Seminole tribe use in battles to defeat the U.S. army?
Surprise attack tactics
Name some things the Cherokee did with their written language.
They established their own newspaper, a constitution, and even went to missionary schools.
Who approved of the "Treaty of Echota" before John Ross did? How were they punished?
Major Ridge, a Cherokee leader and members of the nation who were not authorized to sign on their behalf, agreed to sign the treaty and relocate the Cherokee Nation to western lands. He was assassinated later for his actions.
How did the journey earn the name "The Trail of Tears?"
Because the journey was known to be sad due to many deaths, many tears were shed during the move. They had to trudge through extreme conditions so many died of illness. This is why it is called the "Trail of Tears"
Describe the outcomes of the Sauk uprising. Were they successful?
The Sauk tribes had many successful battles but the U.S army shut down the overall uprising.