Plate Tectonics, & Weather
Earthquakes
Tsunamis
Volcanoes
Thunderstorms
Cyclones
100
Name a reason why people in DEVELOPING countries would decide to live in a hazardous area.
Less hazardous areas are unaffordable or unavailable.
The person does not know the history of potential hazards
The location has access to clean water.
The location has access to fertile land.
100
The underground centerpoint of an earthquake
Hypocenter/focus
100
How will a tsunami wave be affected if it approaches a bay?
it will be funneled & increase wave height
100
What drives an explosive eruption?
steam/pressure
100
How do thunderstorms form?
warm, moist air flows upward into cool, dry air
100
True or False? Hurricanes gain strength as they move inland.
False
100
How do death tolls and costs of damage compare between developed and developed countries?
In developed countries, there is likely to be more economic damage, but less loss of life.
100
The point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake
Epicenter
100
The series of tsunami generated in a single offshore event will impact the coastline for a period of how long?
several hours
100
What do we call the opening located at the top of volcanoes?
A. Vent
B. Crater
C. Mouth
B. Crater
100
How do they form?
What causes a thunderstorm? The basic ingredients used to make a thunderstorm are moisture, unstable air and lift.
100
Hurricanes need _____ water to form
Warm
200
This is the relationship between frequency and magnitude of events.
inversely proportional
200
The largest earthquakes occur in these types of plate boundary interactions.
subduction zones
200
How does the speed of a tsunami in the open ocean compare to the wave speed on land?
much faster in the open ocean (jet plane speed) although still too fast to outrun on land
200
1. Up to three quarters of active volcanoes in the world can be found in which area?
A. On land
B. On the ocean floor
C. Alongside the equator
B. On the ocean floor
200
What is a thunderstorm?
A thunderstorm is a storm with lightning and thunder. Its produced by a cumulonimbus cloud, usually producing gusty winds, heavy rain and sometimes hail.
200
Where are the highest winds in a hurricane?
along the edge of the eye wall
200
Name the proof that supports the seafloor spreading.....
alternating stripes of magnetic field patterns on the ocean floor
200
This theory describes the buildup and release of stress during an earthquake.
Elastic Rebound Theory
REMEMBER the 4 phases of it!
200
What happens to a tsunami wave as it reaches the shore?
The height increases dramatically
Speed decreases
200
What is the definition of volcanic lava?
A. Magma erupting on the Earth’s surface
B. Gas clouds from volcanoes
C. Ash spewed out on the Earth’s surface
A. Magma erupting on the Earth’s surface
200
Which type of severe thunderstorm spawns the most tornadoes?
supercells
200
The name of the scale that measures hurricanes
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
300
The theory of plate tectonics was an improvement on this other theory.
Theory of continental drift.
300
In general, the most destructive earthquake waves are these
surface waves (love & raleigh)
300
Name a type of even OTHER than an earthquake that could cause a tsunami.
landslides
submarine vocanic eruptions
asteroids
300
What 2 things determine how explosive an eruption will be?
Rate of Lava Flow
Pressure
Likely to suddenly change direction of eruption
300
Why does moister, air and lift happen?
It is the combination of moisture, air, and lift that causes a thunderstorm to happen. Most of the time, moisture comes from the ocean (places close to warm ocean currents generally evaporate a lot of moisture), and unstable air occurs when warm air is closer to the ground, and cold air is above it.
300
When do most hurricanes occur?
August & September
Bonus 100: Why these months?
300
This is what causes tectonic plates to move.
convection currents in the asthenosphere/mantle
300
Put the seismic waves in order from fastest to slowest.
P waves, S waves, Surface waves
300
Do all undersea earthquakes trigger a tsunami?
A.
Yes
B.
No
No
300
Why do volcanoes pose a threat to society/social hazards?
As populations increase, areas near volcanoes are being developed and aviation routes are increasing. As a result, more people and property are at risk from volcanic activity.
300
How do thunderstorms cause erosion and how do we fix it?
In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transports it to another location. While wind erosion is most common in deserts and coastal sand dunes and beaches, certain land conditions will cause wind erosion in agricultural areas.
300
How fast the winds have to be for a storm to be a hurricane
74 mph
400
How do we know where the jet stream is? What type of weather is found along it?
generally marked by fronts and storms
400
Comparing the arrival times of these can indicate how far away an earthquake is.
P waves & S waves
BONUS for 100 points: How many separate sites of seismograph recordings are required to locate the center of an earthquake?
400
What should you do in the event of a tsunami?
Immediately get to as high of ground as possible.
400
Name 2 hazards associate with volcanic eruptions BESIDES lava flow.
lahar
pyroclastic flow
ash & pumice falls
poisonous gases
400
THIS part of a thunderstorm is generally where tornadoes form.
eye
400
Name two ways to mitigate hurricane damage.
purchasing flood insurance
leaving beachfront sand dunes in place
leaving vegetation undisturbed
building levees
building jetties
implementing building codes
400
This is what causes the Coriolis Effect.
air and water are not rigidly connected to the rotating surface of the Earth
400
What are two things that could predict an earthquake?
Changes in groundwater level
Increased radon gas detection
High fluid pressure in a fault zone
Seismic gaps
Swarms of very small earthquakes
400
What can cause a Tsunami?
Landslide
Earthquake
Volcanic eruption
400
Where do we get information to help identify areas at risk for volcanic eruptions?
Historical records of volcanic eruptions
400
How can you reduce danger in a lightning storm?
stay away from open water if outside
do not use running water if inside a home
avoid touching metal surfaces if inside a car
do not touch appliances that are plugged in if inside a home
400
In a westward-moving hurricane, where is the MOST damage?
northeast quadrant
bonus 100: where is the LEAST damage?
500
This is when an area is receiving much less water than they are used to using.
500
How accurately can scientists predict when earthquakes will occur in an area?
scientists can characterize the seismic risk of an area, but cannot yet accurately predict most earthquakes
500
List 2 ways to mitigate tsunami damage.
Run-up maps
Land use
Structural control
Detection and warning
500
What determines the amount of life and property loss from a volcanic eruption?
depend on the eruption products and the population density near the volcano
500
Name 6 social factors that are impacted by thunderstorms
Economic climate and employment conditions
High-quality, easily accessible services
500
Name two things to do to prepare for a hurricane
Board up windows, garage doors, shutters
Turn off main natural gas like or propane tanks.
Set fridge to lowest temperature setting.
Bring in or securely anchor anything that could become a projectile in high winds
Evacuate if authorities say to do so
500
This process of turning fertile soil into infertile soil is strongly linked to human activities such as poor land use and bad farming techniques.
desertification
500
Name two ways to mitigate earthquake damage.
land-use planning
retrofitting
base isolation
500
Witnesses have said that an approaching tsunami sounds like what?
A Freight train
500
Name 2 volcanic eruption precursors
Land surface elevation changes
Increased frequency of small earthquakes
Groundwater changes in temperature
500
Name 6 Economical Factors about Thunderstorms
wages, interest rates, governmental activity, laws, policies, tax rates, and unemployment
500
How is climate change affecting hurricanes?
it is warming the sea surface temperatures and causing more hurricanes