Boundaries
How do two plates move at a Transform Boundary?
They move alongside each other in opposite directions.
What causes a Hurricane?
What causes a Volcano?
What causes a Tornado?
What causes an Earthquake?
What causes a Flood?
Hurricanes occur when warm ocean water and humid air come together: When the air flows upward above the water, the water falls and slowly rises back up in a rotating formation.
Volcanoes occur when magma in the Earth's crust build up in a Magma Chamber below the Earth's Crust, and bursts through the ground, reaching to the top.
Tornadoes occur when cool and warm water are forced together. It then creates swirling in the air, bringing debris along with it.
Earthquakes occur when Tectonic Plate Boundaries build up potential energy from the friction of it pushing together, and cause a big release. It can also be caused by the quaking and shock waves of Earthquakes.
Floods occur when excess water piles on land when there isn't usually any there. There are an infinite number of causes, though naturally, it can be because of melting glaciers or excessive rain.
What technologies can prevent the effects of Earthquakes?
How does it work?
Shock Absorbers, Retrofitting, Seismic Resistant Construction
Shock Absorbers turns movement into heat, Retro fitting and Seismic Construction prevent buildings from collapsing
Mitigate?
To alter the magnitude/effects of hazards
Mountains, Trenches, Faults, New land, etc.
How do two plates move at a Divergent Boundary?
Away from each other.
What causes shaking to occur during Earthquakes?
The Tectonic Plates are shaking because of built up pressure on the boundaries, because of massive impacts on the Earth's surface, or because of quaking during volcanoes.
What technologies can prevent the effects of Hurricanes?
How does it work?
Evacuations, Storm Shelters, Precursors
Storm shelters will help you stay safe during the hazards, evacuations will help you avoid the storm, precursors will help you predict it.
Frequency?
How often an event occurs over a defined period of time.
What natural hazards are directly caused by the movement of tectonic plates?
Earthquakes, Volcanoes
How do two plates move at a Convergent Boundary?
What are the causes of a Convergent Boundary?
What types of Convergent Boundaries are there?
They move towards each other.
They can cause Mountains, Subduction Zones, Volcanoes, Earthquakes, crust to be destroyed.
Subduction, Mountain
How can precursors be used to predict a natural hazard?
Precursors are used by measuring or keeping track of data from past or current time frames. For example, you can view the current wind currents and look at the past ones to observe how they are rising quickly. You can view the temperature change and the sky color. You can then decide if a tornado will occur.
What technologies can prevent the effects of Tornadoes?
How does it work?
Barricades, closed rooms
Forecast?
A claim about probability of a natural hazard based on scientific understanding and evidence.
What areas around a river are most likely to flood?
Places closest to the river, places closest to sea level or below, flatter areas.
Where is the youngest crust on a Divergent Boundary?
Where is the oldest crust?
It is between the two plates, where crust is formed and created
It is furthest from the boundary, still on the plate. It has been created long ago, so it has been pushed to fit the new crust in.
What are precursors for a Hurricane?
... for a Tornado?
... for a Volcano?
... for an Earthquake?
... for a Flood?
How reliable are these precursors?
Warm ocean waters and high humidity
Dark, greenish sky, high wind speed
Rising heat, changes in heat flow, subtle shakes of the ground, subtle swelling of the ground's surface
None
Excessive rainfall/runoff, increasing rates of rain
Earthquakes are least effective, then floods, then volcanoes, hurricanes, then tornadoes, even though it takes a while to ensure a tornado is happening.
What technologies can prevent the effects of Floods?
How does it work?
Water Gates, Dams
The weight of the water holds up the Water Gate and therefore stops it from flowing further. Dams are similar, but are made up of different material to block the water.
Severity
Extent of damage or loss from a natural hazard event
What areas around a river are less likely to flood?
Where is the oceanic trench on a Convergent Boundary?
What kind of Convergent Boundary is this?
It is the deepest spot where the Oceanic Crust meets the Continental Crust and is destroyed as it moves downwards.
It is a Subduction Zone.
What is the warning time for a Hurricane?
... for a Volcano?
... for a Tornado?
... for a Flood?
... for an Earthquake?
How can historical data help predict natural hazards?
36 hours
weeks, months, years
10-15 minutes
2-4 hours
None
If it's happened in the past, it's likely to happen again and in a similar way as it did last.
What technologies can prevent the effects of Volcanoes?
How does it work?
Mere evacuation plans
Magnitude?
A measurement of the energy or strength of a natural hazard event.
Do severe or moderate natural hazards occur more often?
Moderate hazards.