Culture
In addition to rural isolation, what is the most common barrier to the process of reaching out to Native Americans with mental illnesses in tribal communities?
A. Age
B. Psychological language
C. Gender
D. Career
B. Psychological language
Explanation: Many Native Americans in tribal communities may not have the language to understand psychological outreach. This is not to say they do not understand English, but that they simply do not have the experience with the psychological language to fully utilize healing programs.
Your client calls you and tells you that her brother in-law is in need of a forensic evaluation for a legal proceeding and has requested that you perform it. You are trained in this area. How do you proceed?
A. Perform the evaluation once the client has terminated services
B. Refuse to perform the evaluation
C. Perform the evaluation after obtaining informed consent by both parties
D. Perform the evaluation
B. Refuse to perform the evaluation
Explanation: According to the ACA's Code of Ethics, counselors performing forensic evaluations are not permitted to evaluate current or former clients, clients' family members, or clients' romantic partners.
What is the type of variable measured in both the experimental and the control groups of an experiment?
A. The independent variable
B. The dependent variable
C. The extraneous variables
D. The external variables
B. The dependent variable
Explanation: The dependent variable is the type of variable measured in an experiment. In an experiment, there is the independent variable, which is a variable that causes, or influences, another variable. The independent variable is the variable that the experimenter actively controls or changes in an experiment in order to observe its affects on the study. Extraneous variables are variables other than the independent variable that may have influenced the study. External variables are similar in concept to extraneous variables.
Mary Jane is 14, a good student, but presents to the therapist's office with a long history of irritability and quick temper at home. Her parents describe her as always quick to argue any point, no matter how large or small, and defying rules from making her bed to making curfew. Mary Jane's father reports she will not take responsibility for any behavior. For example, he caught her hiding her brother's toys and Mary Jane blamed her brother for leaving them on the playroom floor. Then when she was grounded from the computer, she was found at 2 a.m. talking with friends in a chat room. Mary Jane yelled, "You shouldn't be so mean! Always grounding me so I have sneak just to talk to my friends! You are the bad guys." Mary Jane was so angry about having to get off the computer at 2 a.m. that she hacked into her father's email account and deleted his messages, then threw all of the clean laundry out the window, into the muddy flowerbeds. Mary Jane's presentation is consistent with:
A. Oppositional Defiant Disorder, mild
B. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
C. Oppositional Defiant Disorder, severe
D. Intermittent Explosive Disorder
A. Oppositional Defiant Disorder, mild
Explanation: Mary Jane's presentation is consistent with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The specifiers for this diagnosis are mild, moderate, severe, and are given according to how many setting the symptoms are present in. Since Mary Jane's symptoms are only present in one setting (at home), the specifier mild is used. Moderate would be at least two settings, and severe would be three or more settings.
Which is true regarding the relationship between assimilation and accommodation with respect to Piaget's developmental theory?
A. Accommodation is the process of putting information into previous schemata while assimilation is the process of changing schemata to fit in novel information
B. Assimilation and accommodation are developed from reflexes that the child has since birth
C. Accommodation and assimilation are the main ways of acquiring and developing language
D. Assimilation is the process of putting information into previous schemata while accommodation is the process of changing schemata to fit in novel information
D. Assimilation is the process of putting information into previous schemata while accommodation is the process of changing schemata to fit in novel information
Explanation: In addition to his stages of cognitive development, Piaget believed there are important concepts to understand: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation involves adding new material and information to an existing schema; this action is received in the conscious level, as well as in the ability to think and problem-solve for the future. Accommodation is the process of altering or revising an existing schema in light of new information; for example, the way children alter their actions and perceptions so that they may think with more advanced and abstract levels of cognition.
The impact of cultural factors on a client's worldview is LEAST likely to be typified in which case?
A. John, who is 92 and can't remember where he lives
B. Maria, who does not have a good job because of her poor English
C. Georgette, a battered wife with low self-esteem
D. A Chinese student who is depressed, because his scores were too low to get into medical school
A. John, who is 92 and can't remember where he lives
Explanation: The impact of cultural factors on world view is substantial in each of the options except the case of the 92-year-old who can't remember where he lives. Cultural influences will be minimally significant to the world view of this individual, since he cannot even recall where he lives. It is likely that he can no longer recall much about his cultural background and identity.
When working with clients who identify as members of the LGBTQ population, therapists are encouraged to:
A. Consider only clear manifestations of harassment
B. Separate sexual orientation from treatment
C. Assess the client's history of victimization
D. Discount the differential diagnostic implications of societal stressors
C. Assess the client's history of victimization
Explanation: Therapists working with lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are encouraged to assess the client's history of victimization as a result of harassment, discrimination, and violence. Further, they should realize that the psychological consequences of internalized negative attitudes toward homosexuality and bisexuality are not always obvious or conscious. Therefore, in planning and conducting treatment, therapists are encouraged to consider more subtle manifestations of these consequences, such as shame, anxiety and/or low self-esteem, and to consider the differential diagnostic implications of such stressors, both historically and in a client's ongoing psychosocial context.
Ratio scales are known for their:
A. Order
B. Absolute zero point
C. Naming of characteristics
D. Range
B. Absolute zero point
Explanation: The ratio scale of measurement is the most informative. It is an interval scale with the additional property that the zero position indicates the absence of the quantity being measured.
According to Bandura's Social Learning Theory, how do people first learn aggression?
A. Through direct observation
B. Through classical conditioning
C. People naturally have aggression
D. Through cognitive processes
A. Through direct observation
Explanation: Bandura believed that people first developed aggression through direct observation (termed modeling). The idea of aggression being a modeled behavior was shown in his “Bobo” doll studies, in which children acted out the aggressive behavior they had earlier witnessed. Bandura also believed it is possible for an individual to learn aggressive behavior through reinforcement, where the individual expects some sort of material reward or attention and approval for such behavior.
A group of 7 individuals are together and share anxiety about working on interpersonal skills, given their history of depression. Their expectations are uncertain. According to Tuckman, this group appears to be in which stage?
A. Adjourning
B. Grieving
C. Norming
D. Forming
D. Forming
Explanation: Forming is the initial stage of group in which members are coming together, learning the task, determining the expectations, establishing a shared attitude and addressing anxiety that accompanies a new task or activity. Norming is the stage in which members agree to methods, share common goals and engage cooperation. Adjourning occurs when the group is completed. Grieving may occur at the completion of a group, feeling emptiness or sadness after the group experience is over.
The concepts of identity tension line and asymmetry of roles are most associated with:
A. Avocations
B. Dual-career couples
C. High-school graduating seniors
D. Retired individuals
B. Dual-career couples
Explanation: Dual-career couples often have a lot of tension between household and occupational roles, and gender. Identity tension lines occur when the couple is coming up on a boundary one of the individuals has determined to be their limit of change in the relationship ("we can come this far, but no further"). Asymmetry refers to the level of equality between spouses, and can include instances of growing opportunity for the woman and decline of patriarchal roles.
Randy has recently come out as gay to his family and friends. He has been ostracized and has lost much of his support network. What should you, as Randy's therapist, be very aware of him displaying at this point?
A. Suicidal thoughts or drug abuse
B. Anger and outbursts of aggression
C. Vandalism and destruction of property
D. Imagination and creativity
A. Suicidal thoughts or drug abuse
Explanation: Most symptoms of psychological dysfunction do not have a higher incident rate among homosexuals than heterosexuals. However, incidents of severe depression, suicidal tendencies, and drug abuse are nearly double in the homosexual population, due to an internalization of negative attitudes from society.
Which of the following types of validity best describes the condition of a sample from a larger population being a true representation of that larger population?
A. External congruence
B. Equalization
C. Structured reliability
D. Content validity
D. Content validity
Explanation: Content validity refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facts of a given social concept. If the condition of a sample from a larger population is to be a true representation of that larger population, then this validity would be best described as content validity.
When working with a client who suffers from depression, a cognitive-behavioral therapist would focus on:
A. Changing the client's negative styles of thinking and behaving
B. Resolving the client's conflicted feelings about the depression
C. Helping the client to obtain more satisfaction and rewards through the client's own actions
D. Exploring how relationships may be exacerbating the client's depression
A. Changing the client's negative styles of thinking and behaving
Explanation: Cognitive-behavioral therapy has proven to be helpful in treating various forms of depression. Cognitive-behavioral therapists help clients change their negative styles of thinking and behaving that are often associated with depression.
The concept of maturity in one's life vocation is expressed by:
A. O'Hara
B. Super
C. Roe
D. Gelatt
B. Super
Explanation: According to Super, life roles have an impact on career choice. Super believed there are five vocational developmental tasks. As in other developmental systems, lower tasks must be resolved before higher tasks can be accomplished. Vocational maturity is the degree to which a person has completed these vocational developmental tasks.
To assist minority clients experiencing issues with discrimination and prejudice, a counselor could help to recreate scenes that are culturally sensitive. This is an example of:
A. Transactional Analysis
B. Behavior therapy
C. Psychodrama
D. Existential approaches
C. Psychodrama
Explanation: In psychodrama approaches, a counselor could help to recreate scenes that are culturally sensitive and assist clients in understanding the impact their culture has on them. With this approach, opportunities may arise for developing spontaneity and creativity within the framework of the client's culture.
Your client, 15-year-old Grace, has been struggling in school, feeling down, has trouble staying motivated to complete projects, and spends a few hours every week crying in her room at home. Which tool would be appropriate to use to assess Grace's symptoms further?
A. Beck Depression Inventory
B. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
C. Boehm Test
D. Childhood Autism Rating Scale
A. Beck Depression Inventory
Explanation: This assessment instrument is used to screen for symptoms of depression in individuals ages 13-80 years.
A rehab house would like to determine how they can decrease the elopement rate of teenage girls at their group homes. The type of evaluation the rehab house would probably request is a:
A. Summative evaluation
B. Needs assessment
C. Yoked control group
D. Formative evaluation
B. Needs assessment
Explanation: A needs assessment is used to identify and address an organizations "needs" or "gaps" in knowledge and conditions.
Josh lost his best friend in an auto accident in which the two were returning from a summer long adventure prior to starting college. Josh's friend fell asleep at the wheel, the car crossed the median, and hit an oncoming vehicle, killing him instantly and leaving Josh with some injuries. A month has passed and Josh presents in your office. He reports feelings of grief and loss hitting in waves, in addition to depressed mood, inability to feel interest in any activity he previously enjoyed, difficulty concentrating, thoughts of death, feelings of worthlessness, and a desire to sleep all of the time. Josh's mother reports that he appears to be moving through molasses. The best diagnosis for Josh is:
A. Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood
B. Major Depressive Disorder with Atypical Features
C. Uncomplicated Bereavement
D. Major Depressive Disorder, severe
D. Major Depressive Disorder, severe
Explanation: While Josh's symptoms started after his auto accident, his symptoms meet criteria for MDD, and the diagnosis of MDD, severe because of the number of depressive symptoms and because the dominance of the mood as depressed and anhedonic. With grief, the usual course is intense sadness when thinking about the loss, with periods of remitted mood.
The stage in which an individual makes his or her final career decisions might be described by a developmental career counselor as:
A. Crystallization
B. Delineation
C. Assimilation
D. Finalization
A. Crystallization
Explanation: During the crystallization stage, the individual makes the decision about what career path he or she would like to take and focuses his or her studies toward that goal.
You have just started counseling with the Cho family who immigrated to the United States a few years ago. As a multicultural counselor, you are aware that in Asian-American families, child-rearing attention is on:
A. Internal locus of control and advancement
B. Attribution
C. Social skills and advancement
D. Respect for authority and education
D. Respect for authority and education
Explanation: Respect for authority and tradition, as well as motivation for education, are important values among Asian-American families.
One Sunday morning you are attending church and notice a current client sitting a few rows away from you. What do you do?
A. Greet the client warmly so they do not feel rejected by you
B. Do not acknowledge the client unless they acknowledge you
C. Ask to sit with the client
D. Terminate the client the next week
B. Do not acknowledge the client unless they acknowledge you
Explanation: As counselors, it is important not to maintain dual relationships with clients; however, some overlap in community circles cannot be avoided. It is advisable in the intake session to explain to your client how you will behave if you see them out in public. If they acknowledge you, it is appropriate to offer a polite greeting in return; however, it is not advisable to initiate a greeting with the client. Conversation should be kept to a minimum to protect the client's confidentiality and maintain your professional boundaries.
You are interviewing a new client who has a potential substance abuse problem. Which assessment do you consider administering to this client to elicit more information about their presenting issues?
A. Level 1 Cross Cutting Symptom Measure
B. CAGE Questionnaire
C. Patient Health Questionnaire
D. WHODAS 2.0
B. CAGE Questionnaire
Explanation: The CAGE Questionnaire is a commonly used screening tool for drug and alcohol use.
Yalom has a list of what he termed "curative factors" or "therapeutic factors" in group psychotherapy. He refers to the environment provided by groups which fosters effective and adaptive communication leading to increased interpersonal skills as the therapeutic factor of:
A. Instillation of hope
B. Cohesiveness
C. Development of socializing techniques
D. Imitative behavior
C. Development of socializing techniques
Explanation: The development of socializing techniques is the environment provided by groups, which fosters effective and adaptive communication leading to increased interpersonal skills. Imitative behavior is the mimicking of mannerisms of group members who function more adaptively, modeling those who engage self-exploration, who work through issues and gain personal development. Instillation of hope is the development of optimism around improvement. Cohesiveness involves the feelings of trust, togetherness and need to belong.
How is a child's ideal self-concept best fostered?
A. Behavioral modification
B. Through learning
C. Healthy body image
D. Successive approximation
B. Through learning
Explanation: According to Erikson's theory, learning will increase self-concept.