HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
LIST THE THREE LEVELS AND EACH STATE OF KOHLBERG'S THEORY
1. Pre-conventional morality level
Stage 1 - Obedience and Punishment orientation. The child sees authority as handling down the rules on right and wrong.
Stage 2 - Individualism and Exchange. The child begins to perceive that there is not just one right way.
II. Conventional Morality Level
Stage 3 - Good Interpersonal Relationships. The person is usually a teenager in this stage. During this period the person is motivated by such feelings as love, empathy, and concern for others.
Stage 4- Maintaining the Social Order. The person becomes more concerned with society as a whole.
III. Post-Conventional morality level is the period of self accepted principles.
Stage 5 - Social Contract and Individual Rights. The person begins to think about what makes a good society and what any society should value.
Stage 6 - Universal Principles - The person has a concern for justice and its impartial application to everyone.
WHAT ARE THE FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
1. Nominal measurements
2. Ordinal measurements
3. Interval Level of Measurements
4. Ratio Level of Measurements
WHAT SHOULD BE DISCUSSED IN THE FIRST MEETING WITH A CLIENT
Expected Outcome of Treatment
It is beneficial for both the client and counselor to establish what they expect when the therapeutic sessions come to an end. This will help clear up any discrepancies between the two parties and also provide inspiration for goal setting.
LIST AND DESCRIBE THE SLEEP-WAKE DISORDERS
WHAT IS.
1. Insomnia disorders - difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or early rising without being able to go back to sleep.
2. Hypersommolence disorder - sleepiness despite getting at least 7 hours with difficulty feeling awake when suddenly awoke, lapses of sleep in the day, feeling unrested after long periods of sleep.
3. Narcolepsy - uncontrollable lapses into sleep, occurring at least three times each week for at least three months.
4. Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea - Breathing related sleep disorder with obstructive apneas or hypopnea.
5. Central sleep apnea - Breathing related sleep disorder w/central apnea.
6. Sleep-related hypoventilation - Breathing related sleep disorder with evidence of decreased respiratory rate and increased co2 level.
7. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder - Sleep wake disorder w/ primary cause of mismatch between circadian rhythm and sleep required.
8. Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorder - Awakening during the first third night associated with sleep walking/sleep terrors.
9. Nightmare disorder - Recurring dreams that are well remembered and cause distress.
10. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder - Arousal during REM sleep associated with motor movements and vocalizing.
11. Restless legs syndrome - The need to move the legs due to uncomfortable sensations usually relieved by activity.
LIST THE SIX DIFFERENT CULTURES PEOPLE ARE APART OF?
What is...
1. Universal
2. Ecological
3. National
4. Regional
5. Racio-ethnic
6. Ethnic
GLASSER, ADLER, JUNG SKINNER, FRANKL, AND WILLIAMSON
LIST THE THEROY ASSOCIATED WITH THEM AND THEIR VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE.
Glasser - Reality Therapy - People have physical. needs such as food, shelter, plus the need to feel worthwhile and be successful.
Adler - Individual Psychology - People are essentially good. Birth order determines much of a person's behavior.
Jung - Analytical Psychology - People strive for self-fulfillment.
Skinner - Behavioral/Cognitive Behavioral Modification - humans are machines that cannot make free-well decisions. Behavior is learned from a person's environment and the reinforcement he receives from others.
Frankl - Existential - People are good with rational and have the freedom to choose their behavior.
Williamson - Trait Factor - The potential for both good and bad is innate.
DESCRIBE (ERIC)
(Educational Resource Information Center)
an electronic library of educational research and information.
Sponsored by the Institute of Educational Sciences, a part of the U.S. Department of Education, ERIC provides access to bibliographic records of journals and other literature from 1966 to the present. The database also has a growing number of full text materials. Currently ERIC indexes more than 650 journals and offers free, full-text access to over 100,000 other materials.
WHAT SHOULD A COUNSELOR DO AFTER LISTENING TO A CLIENT'S INPUT?
Alter the course of treatment appropriately
LIST THE FEEDING AND EATING DISORDERS
WHAT IS.
1. Pica
2. Rumination disorder
3. Anorexia nervosa
4. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
5. Bulimia nervosa
6. Binge eating disorder
DEFINE THE EIGHT THEORETICAL CONCEPTS OF THE FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY
WHAT IS..
1. Differentiation of self
2. Nuclear family emotional system
3. Triangulation
4. Family Projection Process
5. Multigenerational transmission process
6. Emotional cutoff
7. Sibling position
8. Societal emotional process
DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTELLIGENCE AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence - the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. It can be thought of as the ability to reason, think in abstract terms, and understand abstract ideas, make complex plans, and acquire language and knowledge.
Emotional Intelligence - according to Daniel Goleman is self motivation, self awareness, empathy, social awareness, and persistence. The emotionally intelligent person also has strong interpersonal skills.
DESCRIBE THE TERM: META-ANALYSIS
Answering a research question through the comparison of results from multiple studies.
WHAT IS A COMMUNICATIVE SKILL THAT A COUNSELOR MUST USE DURING INTERACTIONS WITH PATIENTS? (3 answers)
what is..
1. Clarity
2. Empathy
3. Humilitty
Counseling techniques associated with transactional analysis
the counselor acts as teacher - techniques include contracts for change, interrogation, confrontation and illustrations.
EXPLAIN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A FAMILY?
(MOST COMMON PATTERN IN THE UNTIED STATES,)
* HINT THINK 5 STAGES
WHAT IS.
1. Independence - young adults leave home and establish themselves as emotionally and economically independent from their parents.
2. Coupling - the young adults for new long-term emotional relationships, such as marriage
3. Parenting - Children add to the family and create new dynamics along with new responsibilities.
4. Launching adult children - the children grow up and start cycles of their own.
5. Retirement or senior years - Generational roles shift as the parent age.
DESCRIBE ERICKSON'S 8 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Infancy or Trust Vs. Mistrust (Hope) - the period from birth to 1-1.5 years.
2. Toddler or Autonomy Vs. Shame (Will) - from 1-2 years of age.
3. Preschooler or Initiative Vs. Guilt (Purpose) - from 2-6 years of age.
4. School Age or Industry vs. Inferiority (Competence) - from 6-12 years of age.
5. Adolescence or Identity vs. Diffusion (Fidelity) - from 12(or puberty) - 18 years of age .
6. Young Adulthood or Intimacy vs. Isolation (Love) - from 19-40 years of age.
7. Middle Adulthood or Generatively Vs. Self Absorption/Stagnation (Care) - from 40-65.
8. Late Adulthood or Integrity Vs. Despair (Wisdom) - from age 65 till death.
What is Deductive Research and Inductive Research
Deductive research - sets our to prove or dispose a theory by collecting data and testing hypothesis.
Inductive Research - works from known information to develop a theory by establishing relationships or patterns in the data.
AT THE END OF A DISCUSSION ON TREATMENT A COUNSELOR MUST MAKE SURE _____.
The client knows what to expect at the end of treatment.
Counseling techniques associated with rational emotive behavior therapy?
Session involve teaching and confrontation - technique include homework assignments and bibliography.
LIST THE 6 ISSUES OF CULTURE AND CLASS THAT MUST BE ADDRESSED IN CULTURAL COUNSELING.
WHAT IS...
1. Normative behavior - expected or conventional behavior in the culture of the client.
2. Structuring - clearly defines the roles of the counselor and client so that their is no misunderstanding of what is expected of each.
3. Transference - is the process by which feelings, thoughts, and wishes are shifted from the client to the counselor. Countertransference is the shift from the counselor to the client. It is important that client and counselor each maintain his or her own cultural identity.
4. Language - becomes a very important barrier if there is not a common language between the counselor and the client.
5. Personalism - is the client getting to know the counselor as a person before a professional relationship is established.
6. Diagnosis - must take the client's culture into consideration. The counselor must not judge the client's behavior on the basis of his own culture. The counselor must also be ware that standardized tests are based on cultural norms and may not give a true evaluation of a person fro another culture.
DESCRIBE THE MAJOR THEME IN LEVINSON'S THE SEASONS OF A MAN'S LIFE.
The book is based on a Study of Daniel Levinson did with adult males that led him to formulate a comprehensive theory of adult development
Divided into four periods:
1. Pre-adulthood
2. Early adulthood
3. Middle adulthood
4. Late adulthood
(major transition occurring as the person moves from each period or stage to the next).
He believed the transitions occurred at about 17-22 years as the person moved into early adulthood, between 40-45 years into middle adulthood, and between 60-65 as the person became an older adult.
3 developmental tasks:
a. build modify, and enhance a life of structure
b. form and modify the single components of the life structure.
c. takes necessary to becoming more of an individual.
Levinson believed that 80 percent of the men he studied experienced midlife crisis during the transition period into middle adulthood, as they questioned their life structure, including their career.
WHAT IS INTERNAL VALIDITY AND THE CONFOUNDING VARIABLES THAT CAN OCCUR.
Internal Validity - is the extent to which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the variables under study because extraneous or confounding variables have been controlled. Confounding variables can include the selection of subjects, the testing instruments, the maturation and experiences of the subjects during the study, and the researchers themselves.
CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
1. Subject selection
2. Identical testing and recording instruments
3. Maturation and/or experiences of the subjects
4. The researcher
WHICH PART OF A BASIC TREATMENT PLAN INCLUDES INFORMATION ON A CLIENT'S PREVIOUS ILLNESS?
History and counselor's assessment.
LIST THE CRITERIA FOR A MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODE
CRITERIA A: The client experiences 5 or more of the following symptoms during 2 consecutive weeks. These symptoms are associated with a change in the client's normal functioning
- Depressed mood.
- Loss of ability to feel pleasure or have interest in normal activities.
- Decreased aptitude for thinking
-Thoughts of death
- Fatigue (daily)
- Inappropriate guilt/worthlessness
- Observation motor agitation or psychmotor retardation
- Weight change or more than or less than 5% in one month.
- Hypersomnia or Insomnia (almost Daily)
Criteria B: The episode causes distress or social/ functional impairment.
Criteria C: The symptoms cannot be attributed to a substance or another condition/disease.
Criteria D: The episode does not meet the criteria for schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic disorder
Criteria E: The client does not meet criteria for manic episode or a hypomanic episode.
WHAT DOES IDEA STAND FOR? GIVE AN EXPLANATION.
WHAT IS.
1. Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act.
2.
a. Free and appropriate public education for everyone between the ages of 6 and 21.
b. The least restrictive environment possible for handicapped individuals.
c. An individual education plan (IEP). for each person
d. Services for eligible students in private schools.
e. Funds to communities for services to eligible children between the ages of 3 and 5.