Cell Cycle
Shortest Phase is...
M phase (Mitosis)
Bremsstahlung radiation is more efficiently produced by
high Z nuclei
Because cancer usually
requires a number of mutations,
the chances of developing
cancer ? as a person
gets older
Increase
Deoxyribose is a sugar but
lacks what?
one oxygen atom
Absorbed dose is
Energy deposited in a kilogram of a substance by radiation
The most lethal form of ionizing radiation-induced damage
DNA DSBs
A monoenergetic beam of electrons deflected in
the nuclear field produces
Bremsstrahlung radiation and a spectrum of photon energies
External and internal factors that contribute to development of cancer
Chemicals (e.g., from smoking),
radiation, viruses, and heredity
What makes up a nucleotide?
deoxyribose, phosphate, and one of the bases
To convert from absorbed dose to equivalent dose you need....
radiation weighting factor (multiply)
Clustered lesions can be the result of
a single e- track from low LET radiation
Heavy charged particle tend to travel in what way
Straight lines in matter
Genes implicated in cancer
Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes
Cells can die by many different mechanisms
following irradiation, name them
-Apoptosis
- Autophagy
– Necrosis
- Senescence
– Mitotic Catastrophe
To convert from equivalent dose to effective dose you need?
Tissue weighting factor (multiplied and them summed)
2/3 of Xray damage in mammalian cells is due to what?
Hydroxyl Radical
Neutron absorbed by nucleus and reemitted at lower energy followed by emission of gamma ray is an example of what
Inelastic scattering
Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes
whose ? can lead to cancer.
ABSENCE
Most cell death after radiation occurs late in response to?
mitotic catastrophe and not from the initial response to damage.
What is the LD50?
Dose that causes 50% of the cells to become unable to undergo mitotic division, thus being effectively sterilized, even if they can still carry out other cellular functions.
Name all phases of Mitosis
IPMAT!
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase telophase
The only reaction that adds a radical
H 3O + + e aq -> H 2O + • H
the four DNA base pairs
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Define cancer
A disease in which abnormal cells divide
uncontrollably and destroy body tissue
What organelle helps make protein?
Ribosomes