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What is water and electrolyte balance dependent on in a healthy person?
What is kidney function and fluid intake versus output?
How often should body weight be measured in a neonate?
What is daily?
Why do newborn infants typically receive dextrose 10% in their fluids?
What is to prevent hypoglycemia?
What can cause hypokalemia?
What is the excessive loss of potassium through chronic diuretic use, renal tubular defects, or losses from NG and ileostomy tubes?
Why does the vanilla d10 contain only the electrolyte calcium?
What is the calcium level falls in the first 24 hours of life?
What two categories are water losses for neonates divided into?
What are sensible and insensible losses?
What is the expected weight loss for neonates in the first week of life?
What is 5 to 10% for term neonates and up to 15% for preterm neonates?
What is normal urine output for a neonate?
What is 1 to 3 ml/kg/hr?
How does hypokalemia appear on an EKG?
What are ST-segment depression, low t-waves, and u-waves?
What is the primary treatment for hypocalcemia?
What is nutrition support or feeding the infant?
Insensible losses in neonates consist of ?
What are water losses through the skin and lungs?
How do you calculate fluid balance?
In the first week of life, sodium imbalances are primarily due to?
What is abnormalities of water balance?
What are the causes of hyperkalemia?
What is decreased potassium clearance from kidney failure or congenital adrenal hyperplasia, increased potassium caused by bleeding, tissue destruction caused by IVH, or hemolysis, or excessive administration of potassium?
What lab is preferred for monitoring calcium?
What is ionized calcium?
Why is water loss through the skin in a preterm infant so high?
What is because of the increased permeability of the skin?
What electrolyte helps indicate fluid status?
What is sodium?
What can cause a factitious hyponatremia?
What are hyperglycemia and sample collection errors?
How does hyperkalemia show on an EKG?
What are peaked t-waves, flattened p-waves, increased PR intervals, and widening QRS complexes?
What are the risks of acute calcium infusions?
What are bradyarrhythmias, extravasation, and hepatic necrosis?
What is considered decreased urine output for a neonate?
What is less than 1 ml/kg/h?
When are maintenance electrolytes given to neonates?
What is typically after 24 hours of life?
Neonatal hypernatremia is caused by?
What is hypernatremia is commonly caused by inadequate fluid intake or excessive fluid loss, and rarely by excessive sodium intake?
Hypocalcemia occurs more frequently in which types of neonates?
What are preterm or fetal growth-restricted neonates, neonates born to diabetic mothers, neonates who suffered perinatal asphyxia, or who have hypoparathyroidism?
What electrolyte must be replaced before replenishing calcium?
What is magnesium?