Metabolic
The most common amino acid disorder identified by newborn screening that leads to severe intellectual disability if untreated.
PKU
The primary mechanism of action of Milrinone
Increased myocardial contractility and accelerated myocardial relaxation (lusitropy).
The two ventilator settings that primarily determine the minute volume in High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (HFOV).
The Amplitude (or ΔP, which relates to tidal volume) and the Frequency (Hz, which relates to time per breath).
The specific EEG pattern that strongly correlates with a poor neurological outcome in a neonate with HIE.
Burst Suppression or isoelectric pattern.
A newborn suffers nerve damage, such as shoulder paralysis (Erb's palsy), following a difficult delivery that involved excessive force. Jury says res ipsa loquitur
The evidence "speaks for itself," and the hospital or medical professional will be held liable for the child's injuries. This inference can lead to significant compensation for the family to cover lifelong medical costs, therapy, and other damages
This is the minimum amount of protein (in g/kg/day) required to achieve positive nitrogen balance and prevent early catabolism in a preterm neonate.
3.5 to 4.0 g/kg/day.
The PGE1 (Prostaglandin E1) dose (in mcg/kg/min) and its primary indication in neonatal cardiology.
0.05 to 0.1 mcg/kg/min to maintain PDA patency in ductal-dependent CHDs (e.g., coarctation of the aorta, TGA).
The specific stage of lung development that is primarily impaired in the "New BPD" phenotype seen in extremely preterm infants.
The Alveolar Stage (or Alveolarization), leading to simpler, larger alveoli.
This is the minimum corrected gestational age at which a high-risk preterm infant should receive their first MRI for white matter injury.
40 weeks post-menstrual age (corrected age).
The specific type of renal tubular acidosis (RTA) that is most commonly associated with early neonatal TPN administration.
Proximal RTA (Type 2 RTA), due to amino acid losses.
The most common gastrointestinal complication that persists or presents late in life for survivors of Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC).
Short Bowel Syndrome or Intestinal Strictures/Adhesions.
The two specific maternal drugs that are considered significant risk factors for developing PPHN in a term infant.
NSAIDs (e.g., Ibuprofen, Indomethacin) and SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors).
The ratio of Lecithin to Sphingomyelin in amniotic fluid that traditionally indicates mature fetal lungs.
2:1 or greater
The primary mechanism by which Magnesium Sulfate provides neuroprotection to the preterm fetus.
Stabilization of cell membranes and reduction of glutamate excitotoxicity.
The primary reason why Midazolam is avoided in HIE patients, even though it is a common sedative in NICU practice.
Midazolam is metabolized by CYP3A enzymes, whose activity is significantly reduced by hypothermia, leading to prolonged sedation and toxicity.
-The specific plasma free fatty acid abnormality that can contribute to Kernicterus by displacing unconjugated bilirubin from albumin.
Unesterified free fatty acids (UFFA), especially in high-fat emulsions or in hypothermia.
The specific cardiac output marker that is associated with an increased risk of IVH in preterm neonates and often guides inotrope therapy.
Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Flow (low SVC flow correlates with increased risk).
The Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) abnormality most commonly found in adolescents and young adults who survived extreme prematurity.
Obstructive Airway Disease (reduced FEV1/FVC ratio).
The specific inherited metabolic disorder that should be ruled out when a term neonate presents with refractory seizures and a burst-suppression EEG pattern.
Non-ketotic Hyperglycinemia (NKH).
The specific condition in which a term neonate presents with microphallus, midline defects, and prolonged hypoglycemia.
Septo-optic dysplasia
What is the required minimum age in hours for a neonate to undergo the Guthrie test? Why?
A minimum of 24 hours of age and insufficient protein or amino acid intake to reach detectable levels of the pathological metabolite so samples taken earlier may lead to a false negative result.
What is the rSR′ pattern or ’Crocetti Sign′ (a Left Axis Deviation with Right Bundle Branch Block pattern in the right precordial leads) pathognomonic of ?
The specific ECG finding (beyond PR interval) that, when combined with a Left Axis Deviation and a superior QRS axis, is pathognomonic for a complete Atrioventricular Canal Defect (CAVCD).
What is the biomarker seen in a decreased level in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) and an increased level in serum after acute lung injury (e.g., ventilation)?
Clara Cell Protein (CC16) in neonatology that makes it a marker of both lung injury and development.
Condition in which mutation in the Chromosome 17p13.3 deletion and a ’Figure-of-Eight′ appearance is seen on coronal MRI?
Lissencephaly (Agyria) in a neonate.
A specific type of intracranial hemorrhage (not stroke) that can be a late, rare complication of severe hyperbilirubinemia.
Subdural hematoma or Subarachnoid hemorrhage.