AKI
These are the diagnostic lab levels for AKI (three criteria)
What is Cr > 0.3 within 48 hrs, Cr > 1.5xbaseline over 7 days, Urine Volume < 0.5cc/kg/hr for 6 hrs?
What stages of CKD typically result in metabolic pathway abnormalities
III, IV, and V
(GFR <60mL/min/1.73m2)
What's the Anion Gap Equation and what is a normal Anion Gap
8-10 +/- 2
AG = Sodium - Chloride - Bicarb
OR
AG = Sodium - (chloride + bicarb), but its a lot easier and less confusing to just distribute the -1 and say it as the first equation
Spell the proper name for a BP cuff
S-P-H-Y-G-M-O-M-A-N-O-M-E-T-E-R
EKG findings of hypokalemia
ST depression, decreased T waves, and presence of U waves
The number of time zones that are spanned by the country of Russia
What is 11?
This Kidney dysfunction is associated with coarse granular muddy brown casts
What is Acute Tubular Necrosis?
Systolic BP target in patient with HTN and CKD
<120mmHg
Name the alcohols that cause an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis
Ethylene glycol and Methanol
Define resistant hypertension
BP above goal with 3 antihypertensive meds OR BP at goal with 4 antihypertensive meds. In either case one must be a diuretic
Sodium decreased by what amount for every 100mg/dL increase in glucose
1.6-2.2 mEq/L
Australia is wider than this celestial object by over 500 km
What is the Earth's moon?
This is how you can distinguish between Prerenal AKI and ATN with volume challange
What is improvement of urine output and Cr = prerenal etiology?
Bicarb level threshold in CKD in order to start alkali therapy
Serum Bicarb < 22
Name the Type of RTA: failure of proximal tubule to absorb bicarb. Tx = alkali replacement and thiazide diuretic
Type 2/Proximal RTA
BP cutoff for Hypertensive Emergency
Systolic > 180 or Diastolic > 110
How much acutely infused Magnesium is excreted by the kidney
THE BONES ARE HUNGRY
This is the tallest mountain on Earth when measured from its depth on the ocean floor
What is Mauna kea?
Do NSAIDs impair vasodilation of afferent arteriole or vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles?
Impairs vasodilation of afferent arteriole
Main causes of anemia in CKD
Lack erythropoietin production, erythropoietin resistance, iron deficiency, and disordered iron handling
What does a delta-delta value of 1.3 mean?
Delta-delta = (Anion gap - 12)/(25-bicarb)
<0.5-1 = concurrent normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
1-2 = primary high anion gap metabolic acidosis
>2 = presence of metabolic alkalosis
ACE Inhibitors prevent vasoconstriction/vasodilation of the afferent/efferent arteriole?
Prevents efferent vasoconstriction - this is why you can't use in Bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis
How to distinguish between renal and extrarenal causes of potassium depletion?
If < 30 then likely not renal
This is the largest desert on planet Earth
What is the Antarctic desert?
What crystals are formed by Ethylene Glycol intoxication
Calcium Oxalate
Leading cause of death in ESRD
Sudden cardiac death - rapid shift of electrolytes during dialysis and chronic volume overload
What is the calculated plasma osmolality equation?
Plasma Osmolality = 2*Sodium + Plasma Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8
Eye findings in chronic Hypertension
Hypertensive retinopathy, arteriovenous nicking, flame hemorrhages, optic neuropathy, cotton wool spots. papilledema, blindness
Signs of Mag toxicity
This is the location of the southernmost point in the United States
Ka Lae on the big island of Hawaii