Nervous System
What is Homeostasis?
The ability of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium
What is anastomosis?
Intercommunication between 2 arteries ensuring blood flow to area if one artery is blocked
What is Partial Pressure?
portion of pressure due to particular gas in a mixture of gases
What role does the sympathetic nervous system play in the body?
Prepares the body for "fight or flight," increasing heart rate, blood flow to muscles, and dilating airways
What part of the brain controls breathing rate?
Medulla oblongata
What is the difference between negative and positive feedback?
Negative: feedback loop that diminishes intensity of whatever is happening once we return to homeostasis
Positive: whatever happens will continue happening
What is the main difference between parasympathetic nerve fibers and sympathetic nerve fibers?
Parasympathetic nerve fibers: decrease heart rate
Sympathetic nerve fibers: increase heart rate
Fick's Law of Diffusion states that
basic terms is how things move from one area to the next, illustration three main variables
How does the respiratory system help the body?
Allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment, enabling breathing.
What is the function of the alveoli in the lungs?
Alveoli are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to be removed.
What are the different types of structural neurons?
Multipolar: multiple processes from cell body, many dendrites and one axon, most common type in CNS
Pseudounipolar: sensory neurons with single process
Bipolar: one axon and one dendrite, primarily sensory
What happens when the wall of the cardiac chamber is thicker?
Greater the force to eject blood
What % of CO2 is dissolved in plasma, bounded to hemoglobin and transported by bicarb?
Plasma: 7-10%
Hemoglobin: 20%
Bicarb: 70%
What is the role of the diaphragm in breathing?
Contracts to allow the lungs to expand and fill with air, and relaxes to help expel air from the lungs.
How does the body regulate heart rate during exercise?
The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate to supply more oxygen-rich blood to muscles during physical activity.
Four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
Frontal, Occipital, Pariental, Temporal
Why is cardiac output so important?
Efficiency of the heart, how much blood is pumping through the lungs and body
What does the Respiratory Control Center serve as?
a pacemaker, generates a rhythmical pattern
What is the role of red blood cells in the cardiovascular system?
Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and return carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
What is the difference between the atria and ventricles in the heart?
The atria are the upper chambers that receive blood, while the ventricles are the lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart.
Why is the hypothalamus necessary?
It plays a key role in regulating many essential functions in the body like body temp, hunger, hormone release, emotions, and our sleep wake cycle.
If the heart muscle can get thicker, what can occur?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What is the difference between myoglobin and hemoglobin? And how does O2 get to muscle?
Myoglobin holds onto oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin. Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood. Oxygen can also move directly into muscle cells through the cell membrane.
What is the primary gas exchanged in the lungs during respiration?
Oxygen is absorbed into the blood, while carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and exhaled.
How does the body respond to low oxygen levels?
The body increases breathing rate and heart rate to deliver more oxygen to the tissues.