Muscle Structure & Contraction
What neurotransmitter is released by a motor neuron to signal a skeletal muscle to contract?
What is acetylcholine (ACh)?
What term describes a muscle that directly opposes a specific movement performed by an agonist?
What is the antagonist?
Which neuroglial cells form myelin sheaths around axons in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), and which form them in the Central Nervous System (CNS)? (Word Bank: Oligodendrocytes or Schwann Cells)
What is Schwann cells in the PNS; Oligodendrocytes in the CNS.
What massive bundle of myelinated nerve fibers connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, allowing them to communicate with each other? (Word Bank: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Corpus Callosum, Cerebellum, Cingulate Gyrus, Hippocampus, Amygdala)
What is corpus callosum?
What structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx to help equalize pressure across the tympanic membrane? (Word Bank: Vestibules, Semicircular Canals, External Acoustic Meatus, Auricle, Tympanic membrane, Ossicles, Eustachian tube, Cochlea)
What is Eustachian tube?
During skeletal muscle contraction, what key ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds to troponin to expose myosin-binding sites?
What is Calcium (Ca2+)?
If you whistle loudly to hail a cab or pucker your lips, which facial muscle are you primary using? (Word Bank: Orbicularis oculi, Frontalis, Orbicularis oris, Zygomaticus, Masseter, Temporalis, Sternocleidomastoid)
What is Orbicularis oris?
What broad group of non-neuronal cells provides structural support, protection, and maintenance for neurons throughout the nervous system?
What is Glial Cells?
Which portion of the brainstem contains vital centers that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing? (Word Bank: Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Midbrain)
What is Medulla Oblongata?
Damage to Cranial Nerve I (the olfactory nerve) would impair which of your special senses?
What is Olfaction (smell)?
Arrange these muscle contraction steps in order: (I) Myosin heads bind to actin, (II) Calcium is released, (III) Power stroke occurs, (IV) Tropomyosin shifts.
What is II, IV, I, III?
During leg extension at the knee, which muscle acts as the agonist and which as the antagonist? (Word Bank: hamstrings or quadriceps femoris)
What is quadriceps femoris is the agonist and hamstring is the antagonist?
In tissue composition, what forms white matter versus gray matter?
What is white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons; gray matter consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated fibers?
Which brain structure plays a key role in memory formation and emotional processing within the limbic system? (Word Bank: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Corpus Callosum, Cerebellum, Cingulate Gyrus, Hippocampus, Amygdala)
What is Hippocampus?
Name the three auditory ossicles in the middle ear in order from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
What is Malleus, Incus, Stapes?
Name the structural hierarchy of a muscle, starting from the outside and working down to the smallest protein filaments. (Word Bank: Muscle Fiber (cell), Myofilaments (actin and myosin), Fascicle, Myofibril, Sarcomere, Whole Muscle)
What is Whole muscle -> Fascicle -> Muscle fiber (cell) -> Myofibril -> Sarcomere / Myofilaments (actin and myosin)
The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles work together as prime movers for what action at the ankle?
What is plantar flexion?
List the three meninges surrounding the central nervous system in order from deep to superficial (Word Bank: Dura mater, Pia mater, Arachnoid mater)
What is Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater?
What division of the autonomic nervous system is active during "rest and digest" states, promoting functions like digestion and resting heart rate?
What is the term for the sense of body position and movement in space, mediated by sensory receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints?
What is proprioception?
What is the fundamental difference between the origin and the insertion of a muscle?
What is the origin is the fixed (immovable) attachment, while the insertion is the moveable attachment pulled toward the origin during contraction?
In feline anatomy, a thin muscle called the epitrochlearis runs from the latissimus dorsi to the olecranon to assist with arm adduction and elbow extension. What is the primary muscle in human anatomy that performs elbow extension?
What is triceps brachii?
During an action potential, what causes depolarization and what causes repolarization?
What is depolarization is caused by an influx of Sodium ions into the cell; repolarization is caused by an efflux of Potassium ions out of the cell?
Describe two physiological changes that occur when the sympathetic nervous system is activated, other than pupil dilation
What is 2 of the following: Increased heart rate, airway dilation (bronchodilation), decreased digestive activity, or increased blood flow to skeletal muscles?
Why are cones concentrated heavily in the central retina (fovea centralis), while rods are more abundant in the peripheral retina?
What is cones require bright light and provide high-acuity color vision for direct focus, while rods provide high light sensitivity for low-light and peripheral vision?