Central Nervous System (CNS)
What is the function of glial cells, neurons, and axons?
Glial Cells: What is metabolic support and insulation, specifically, controlling the chemical composition of fluid around a neuron and maintaining level of ions and nutrients.
Neurons: What is communicating signals to other cells through axons in action potential.
Axons: What is sending electrochemical pulses to other neurons by releasing a chemical neurotransmitter at synapses after the activation of the action potential.
What is the most important factor affected by the ANS?
What is BP
Where is the SNS nerve that serves the heart located?
What is the thoracic lumbar spinal cord region
What are chemicals that transmit signals to the adrenal glands which then release chemicals into bloodstream?
What is neurotransmitters
What is the term given to conditions, malfunctions, or diseases in the autonomic nervous system?
What is dysautonomia
Where is BNP secreted from, why, and what effect does it have on the body?
What is the ventricles of the heart, increased pressure and stress, decreases systemic vascular resistance and vascular pressure.
What is the primary connector between the brain and the heart?
What is the vagus nerve.
What conserves energy which is done through sleep, resting, or lack of potential threats?
What is PSNS
What releases and stores glucose in response to stress?
What is norepinephrine
What is the main sign of dysautonomia and what does it intail?
What is POTS (postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome) and HR increase of more than 30 BPM or HR of more than 120 BPM when moving from supine to upright position.
What are the two main neurotransmitters and what do each of them affect the body?
Glutamate: exerts excitability on target neurons
Gamma-aminobutyric (GABA): exerts inhibitory cell response
What are the three types of nerve cells in the PNS?
What is autonomic, sensory, and somatic
What is the function of the SNS?
What is to regulate the rate and force of a contraction through stimulation.
What are SNS/PSNS nerve endings called?
What is adrenergic and cholinergic
What is the most common disease associated with autonomic nerve damage or autonomic failure?
What is diabetes
What are the three types of CVAs and what do they entail?
Embolic: caused by an embolus, a blood clot that breaks off from the point of origin and travels to the brain where it cuts off blood flow.
Thrombotic: caused by plaque and cholesterol in the arteries, blocking the brain.
Hemorrhagic: the weak/thin spot of a blood vessel in the brain bursts.
What is the autonomic nervous system also known as and what is its chief function?
What is involuntary/visceral nervous system, acts as a control system in the body through brain activity and nerve endings.
Why is the SNS referred to as the heart's fight or flight response?
What is the heart responds by increasing the strength and rate of contraction in response to stress and stimuli.
What influences heart muscle action?
What is acetylcholine
What does the electrocardiogram, BP readings, pulse oximeter readings, and timed deep breathing tests used to determine?
What is how to determine autonomic function by looking for changes in BP and short term HR fluctuations to measure how well the involuntary nervous system is working
1. Where does the main source of brain energy come from?
2. What is the predominant brain energy consumption?
3. What are the two causes of a hemorrhagic stroke?
1. What is glucose.
2. What is sustaining the action potential of neurons .
3. What is uncontrolled high BP for intracerebral and blood contaminated fluid for subarachnoid hemorrhage (membrane surrounding the brain).
What are the two major sections of the ANS and how do each of them influence the heart?
What is the SNS influences the atria/ventricles and stimulates the heart to change its function
What is the PSNS inhibits heart function changes and has no effect on the ventricles/HiS-Purkinje system.
What is the result of increase in BP, HR, and contractile forces of cardiac muscle?
What is vasoconstriction and increase of oxygen to the brain
How is cardiac performance related the activity of neurotransmitters in the heart?
What is tells it how fast or slow to beat.
What do people with blood vessels that do not constrict reflexively when norepinephrine is released under the pressured breathing have and what does it cause?
What is autonomic dysfunction and falling BP that does not immediately rebound when heart is at rest.